שפחה Shipchah H8198 Feminine from an unused root meaning to spread out (as a family; see H4940); a female slave (as a member of the household): - (bond-, hand-) maid (-en, -servant), wench, bondwoman, womanservant. From H4940 משפחה mishpachah from H8192 (compare H8198); a family, that is, circle of relatives; figuratively a class (of persons), a species (of animals) or sort (of things); by extension a tribe or people: - family, kind (-red).
The words come from the root word שפה shapah H8192 A primitive root; to abrade, that is, bare: - high, stick out.The word shapah is only used twice in scripture Job 33:21 & Isaiah 13:2 and its usage differs in both passages but is related to something that can be seen as on high/stuck out. The eye/ayin is able to see a thing which is hidden.
The first time the word appears is in Gen 12:16 where Pharaoh entreated Abraham well for Sarah's sake and Abraham had many sheep, oxen, menservants and maidservants/shipchah H8198. But there was a difference from the household shipchah/maidservants from the handmaid/shipchah given to care for the mistress of the house.
Gen 29:24 And Lavan gave unto his daughter Le’ah את eth-Zilpah his maid/shipchah H8198 for a handmaid/shipchah H8198.
Gen 29:29 And Lavan gave to Rachel his daughter את eth-Bilhah his handmaid/shipchah H8198 to be her maid/shipchah H8198.
shipchah for a shipchah shows that as long as the maid was among the maidservants she was ordinary but when given to a daughter/mistress she became the handmaid, someone special where even many a times the mistress's when they didn't bear children asked their husband to go into their handmaid to bear unto her the child. The children born to this handmaid/shipchah would be borne and called as the mistress's child.
We have several such examples
Gen 16:1 NOW Sarai Avram’s woman bore him no children: and she had a handmaid/shipchah H8198, a Mitsriy, whose name was Ha’ger.
Gen 16:2 And Sarai said unto Avram, Behold now, YAHUAH has restrained me from bearing: I pray you, go in unto my maid/shipchah H8198; it may be that I may obtain children by her. And Avram hearkened to the voice of Sarai.
Gen 16:3 And Sarai Avram’s woman took את eth-Ha’ger her maid the Mitsriym, after Avram had dwelt ten years in the land of Kena`an, and gave her to her man Avram to be his woman.
Gen 16:4 And he went in unto Ha’ger, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.
Gen 16:5 And Sarai said unto El-Avram, My wrong be upon you: I have given my maid into your bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: YAHUAH judge between me and you.
Hagar despised her mistress the moment she conceived and Sarah treated her harshly and she fled from her mistress. But the angel of Yahuah met her and asked her to go back and submit to her mistress and the son born should be named Yishmael which means 'AL will hear' and his hand will be against every man and every mans hand will be against him and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren. Hagar named the well as Beer La Chay Roiy ''Well of the Living One who sees me''
Gen 16:7 And the angel of YAHUAH found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur.
Gen 16:8 And he said, Ha’ger, Sarai's maid, whence came you? and whither will you go? And she said, I flee from the face of my mistress Sarai.
Gen 16:9 And the angel of YAHUAH said unto her, Return to your mistress, and submit yourself under her hands.
Gen 16:10 And the angel of YAHUAH said unto her, I will multiply את eth-your seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude.
Gen 16:11 And the angel of YAHUAH said unto her, Behold, you are with child, and shall bear a son, and shall call את eth his name Yishma`el; because YAHUAH has heard your affliction.
Gen 16:12 And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren.
Gen 16:13 And she called the name of YAHUAH that spoke unto her, you EL see me: for she said, Have I also here looked after him that sees me?
Gen 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Be`er La-Chai Ro`iy/well of a living (One) my Seer; behold, it is between Qadesh and Bered.
We later see Yishmael when grown up mocking Sarah's son Yitshaq and later the handmaid/shipchah being called as a bondwoman/amah H519
Gen 21:9 And Sarah saw את eth-the son of Ha’ger the Mitsriym, which she had born unto Avraham, mocking.
Gen 21:10 Wherefore she said unto Avraham, Cast out this bondwoman/amah H519 and את eth-her son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Yitschaq.
Gen 21:11 And the thing was very grievous in Avraham’s sight because of his son.
Gen 21:12 And ELOHIYM said unto El-Avraham, Let it not be grievous in your sight because of the lad, and because of your bondwoman; in all that Sarah has said unto you, hearken unto her voice; for in Yitschaq shall your seed be called.
Gen 21:13 And את eth-also of the son of the bondwoman will I make a nation, because he is your seed
In Galatians 4 Shaul compares Hagar to being the bondwoman Yerushalayim after the flesh i.e.being after the Torah of sin and death and is in slavery with her children. He uses the examples of Hagar and Sarah as an allegory. The children of Sarah being the children of promise being born from above i.e being born by the Ruach
Gal 4:22 For it has been written that Aḇraham had two sons, one by a female servant, the other by a free woman.
Gal 4:23 But he who was of the female servant was born according to the flesh, and he of the free woman through promise.
Gal 4:24 This is allegorical, for these are the two covenants: one indeed from Mount Sinai which brings forth slavery, which is Haḡar,
Gal 4:25 for this Haḡar is Mount Sinai in Araḇia, and corresponds to Yerushalayim which now is, and is in slavery with her children.
Gal 4:26 But the Yerushalayim above is free, which is the mother of us all.
Hence, we see a handmaid/shipchah H8198 termed as bondwoman/amah H519 before & after she bore the Master his son. Another example:
Gen 30:3 And she (Rachel) said, Behold my bondwoman/ amah H519 Bilhah, go in unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her.
Gen 30:4 And she gave him את eth-Bilhah her handmaid/shipchah H8198 to be his woman/ishah H802: and Ya`aqov went in unto her.
Another example:
Gen 31:33 And Laban went into Ya`aqob's tent, and into Le’ah's tent, and into the two bondwomen/ H519 amah tents; but he found them not. Then went he out of Le’ah's tent, and entered into Rachel's tent.
Laban went into the two amah's tents searching for his household idols, referring to Zilpah and Bilhah who bore Yaaqob two sons each. Here they are termed as bondwomen/amah H519. The Torah portion
Exo 21:7 “And when a man sells his daughter to be a female servant/amah H519, she does not go out as the male servants do.
Exo 21:8 “If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who has engaged her to himself, then he shall let her be ransomed. He shall have no authority to sell her to a foreign people, because of him deceiving her.
Exo 21:9 “And if he has engaged her to his son, he is to do to her as is the right of daughters.
Exo 21:10 “If he takes another wife, her food, her covering, and her marriage rights are not to be diminished.
The Torah portion later came with instructions of treating the bondwomen/amah of Yasharal, that they which are betrothed either to himself or to his son, they cannot be sent away as the bondmen are sent away. Lev 25:38-43 lists treating the bondmen who shall go out to their inheritance in the year of the jubilee and they cannot be treated as a bondman who is a foreigner. Deut 15 lists instructions for both the Abary bondman and bondwoman being sent away at jubilee or if they want to live in their Masters house until their death. While many would suggest who do not understand the Torah of Yahuah that injustice was done to Hagar, what they fail to see is that Hagar was a Mitsriyte and therefore could be sent out. She didn't belong to the inheritance of Yasharal in the first place as it was reserved for the one to be born from above
Exo 21:7 “And when a man sells his daughter to be a female servant/H519 amah, she does not go out as the male servants do.
Exo 21:8 “If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who has engaged her to himself, then he shall let her be ransomed. He shall have no authority to sell her to a foreign people, because of him deceiving her.
Exo 21:9 “And if he has engaged her to his son, he is to do to her as is the right of daughters.
Exo 21:10 “If he takes another wife, her food, her covering, and her marriage rights are not to be diminished
Hagar doesn't fit into anything as mentioned in comparison with Exo 21, Lev 25 & Deut 15 as she was a bond woman/amah of Sarah from Mitsriy, the nation who would be responsible to hold the 12 tribes in slavery for 215 years.
That's why in instructions to sending bondmen from Yasharal away Yahuah says:
Lev 25:38 I am YAHUAH ELOHAYKEM, which brought you forth out of the land of Mitsrayim, to give you את eth-the land of Kena`an, and to be your ELOHIYM.
Lev 25:39 And if your brother that dwells by you be waxen poor, and be sold unto you; you shall not compel him to serve as a bondservant:
Lev 25:40 But as a hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with you, and shall serve you unto the Year of Jubilee:
Lev 25:41 And then shall he depart from you, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return.
Lev 25:42 For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land of Mitsrayim: they shall not be sold as bondmen.
Lev 25:43 You shall not rule over him with rigour; but shall fear your ELOHIYM.
Deu 15:12 And if your brother, an Ivriy man, or an Ivriy woman, be sold unto you, and serve you six years; then in the seventh year you shall let him go free from you.
Deu 15:13 And when you send him out free from you, you shall not let him go away empty:
Deu 15:15 And you shall remember that you were a bondman in the land of Mitsrayim, and YAHUAH ELOHAYKA redeemed you: therefore I command you את eth-this thing today.
Deu 15:16 And it shall be, if he say unto you, I will not go away from you; because he loves you and your house, because he is well with you;
Deu 15:17 Then you shall take את eth-an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be your servant forever. And also unto your maidservant you shall do likewise.
Regarding foreigner bondmen and bondwomen Yahuah gives instructions ''they shall be your bondmen forever'', it is understood that they don't go out free in the year of the jubilee, but they can go out free at the Master's will, just as Abraham put Sarah away and had Yahuah's consent to do so. The Torah came written later but was always there as the Covenant Torah which Abraham and the fathers obeyed.
Gen 26:4 And I will make את eth-your seed to multiply as the stars of heaven, and will give unto your seed את eth all these countries; and in your seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed;
Gen 26:5 Because that Avraham obeyed my voice, and did guard my watch, my commandments, my statutes, and my Torah.
Lev 25:44 Both your bondmen, and your bondmaids/amah H519, which you shall have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids.
Lev 25:45 Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession.
Lev 25:46 And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen forever: but over your brethren the children of Yashar’el, ye shall not rule one over another with rigour.
The Torah came with instructions for the native born and for the stranger who sojourned with the native born.
Num 15:16 ‘One Torah and one right-ruling is for you and for the stranger who sojourns with you.’ ”
Rth 3:7 And when Bo`az had eaten and drunk, and his heart was merry, he went to lie down at the end of the sheaf: and she came softly, and uncovered his feet, and laid her down.
Rth 3:8 And it came to pass at midnight, that the man was afraid, and turned himself: and, behold, a woman lay at his feet.
Rth 3:9 And he said, Who are you? And she answered, I am Ruth your handmaid/amah H519: spread therefore your skirt over your handmaid/H519; for you are a near kinsman/gaal; H1350.
Rth 3:10 And he said, Blessed be you of YAHUAH, my daughter: for you have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning, inasmuch as you followed not young men, whether poor or rich.
Rth 3:11 And now, my daughter, fear not; I will do to you all that you require: for all the city of my people do know that you are a virtuous woman.
Rth 3:12 And now it is true that I am your near kinsman: howbeit there is a kinsman nearer than I
Ruth was a Reubenite by birth, Moabitess by geographical location, married to Machlon who died and left her childless, she was now an Ephrathite having married Machlon and being a widow and without any inheritance as her In laws had sold everything and moved to sojourn in the land of Moab where Naomi lost her husband and her two sons. She is looking for a gaal/redeemer who would redeem her and her inheritance, she presents herself as a bondwoman/amah to Boaz the Yahudite for she hoped redemption as written in Torah
Nu 21:26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto Arnon.
Jos 13:8 With them the other half tribe the Re’uḇĕnites and the Gaḏites received their inheritance, which Mosheh had given them, beyond the Yardĕn eastward, as Mosheh the servant of יהוה had given them:
Jos 13:9 from Aroʽĕr which is on the bank of the wadi Arnon, and the city that is in the middle of the wadi, and all the plain of Mĕyḏeḇa as far as Diḇon;
Jos 13:10 and all the cities of Siḥon sovereign of the Amorites, who reigned in Ḥeshbon, as far as the border of the children of Ammon;
Num 32:37 And the children of Re’uḇĕn built Ḥeshbon and Elʽalĕh and Qiryathayim,
We see that there was a nearer kinsman redeemer/gaal whose name is not mentioned who refuses to take Ruth as wife and then Boaz redeems her and her inheritance. The child now born to her would be called a Ephrathite to keep the name of the dead man Machlon's name alive in Yasharal as well as a Yahudite being the direct son of Boaz.
Rth 4:18 And this is the genealogy of Perets: Perets brought forth Ḥetsron.
Rth 4:19 And Ḥetsron brought forth Ram, and Ram brought forth Amminaḏaḇ.
Rth 4:20 And Amminaḏaḇ brought forth Naḥshon, and Naḥshon brought forth Salmon.
Rth 4:21 And Salmon brought forth Boʽaz, and Boʽaz brought forth Oḇĕḏ.
Rth 4:22 And Oḇĕḏ brought forth Yishai, and Yishai brought forth Dawiḏ.
1Sa 17:12 Now Dawiḏ was the son of that Ephrathite of Bĕyth Leḥem in Yehuḏah, whose name was Yishai, and he had eight sons, and in the days of Sha’ul the man was old among men.
King David was both an Ephrathite as well as a Yahudite being a descendant of Boaz and Ruth.
In the Psalms David in praying to Yahuah presents himself as the son of the bondwoman/amah for he understood that he was a redeemed seed representing three tribes Reubenite, Ephrathite as well as Yahudite
Psa 86:15 But You, O יהוה, Are a compassionate Ěl and showing favour, Patient and great in kindness and truth.
Psa 86:16 Turn to me, and show favour to me! Give Your strength to Your servant, And save the son of Your bondwoman/amah H519.
While its not mentioned who wrote Psalms 116 but its definitely attributed to David for he says he is the son of Yahuah's bondwoman and Yahuah has loosed his bonds.
Psa 116:16 O YAHUAH, truly I am your servant; I am your servant, and the son of your handmaid/amah H519: you have loosed my bonds.
Now coming back to the shipchah H8198, it was clear that the children born to the shipchah/hand maid given to the Master became children of the mistress adopted as sons of Yasharal.
Both Zilpah and Bilhah, the handmaids of Leah and Rachel bore two sons each which became tribes in Yasharal. This shows Zilpah and Bilhah were from the blood line of Yasharal and not foreigners as Hagar was (Mitsrite), for the sons born to them formed into Yasharal. Hence, they became 'mishpachah' which means FAMILY. The letter mem before the shipchah represents water and blood which are elements of redemption. Though Zilpah and Bilhah bore children, their sons were attributed to their mistress and not them. Here is the proof text
Rth 4:11 And all the people who were at the gate, and the elders, said, “Witnesses! יהוה make the woman who is coming to your house as Raḥĕl and as Lĕ’ah, the two who built the house of Yisra’ĕl. And prove your worth in Ephrathah and proclaim the Name in Bĕyth Leḥem.
The blessing given to Boaz was Yahuah make the woman coming to his house as Rachel and Leah the two who built the house of Yasharal. Zilpah and Bilhah are not mentioned in the text although 4 sons came from them.
When the angel from Yahuah came and announced the birth of Mashiyach through her as she was a virgin, this is what Miryam said
Luke 1:38 And Miryam said, “Behold, I am the maidservant/shipchah of Yahuah.
Let it be for me according to your word.” And the messenger departed from her.
This is wonderful as the emissary Shaul confirms that when the fullness of time came, Yahuah sent forth his sons who was born of the woman (Miryam calls herself shipchah i.e. handmaid) and SUBJECT TO TORAH i.e. Torah defined that those born from the shipchah/handmaid became the mishpachah/family
Gal 4:4 But when the fulness of the time was come, YAHUAH sent forth his Son, who was born of a woman, and subject to the Torah,
Gal 4:5 To redeem them את eth that were under the Torah, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
Gal 4:6 And because ye are sons, YAHUAH has sent forth the RUACH of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
The promised seed was Mashiyach and Yitshaq and we born from above by belief in Mashiyach fell in line with that promise
Gal 3:16 But the promises were spoken to Aḇraham, and to his Seed. He does not say, “And to seeds,” as of many, but as of one, “And to your Seed,” who is Messiah.
Eph 3:14 For this cause I bow my knees unto the Father of our ADONAI YAHUSHA HA’MASHIACH,
Eph 3:15 Of whom the whole family/mishpachah in heaven and earth is named,
Yahusha became our gaal/kinsman redeemer having redeemed us from the Torah of sin and death that we might receive the adoption as sons. HalaluYah! Everything is falling in line with HIM
Remember Yahusha sprang forth from the tribe Yahudah and is called several times in scripture as son of David
Heb 7:14 For it is perfectly clear that our Master arose from Yehuḏah, a tribe about which Mosheh never spoke of concerning priesthood,
Heb 7:15 and this is clearer still, if another priest arises in the likeness of Malkitseḏeq,
Remember, we just understood that David was a Reubenite & Ephrathite being a grandson of his mom Ruth and Yahudite through his grand father Boaz.
Reuben means 'See a Son', Reuben couldn't excel because he went up to his fathers bed
Gen 49:3 “Re’uḇĕn, you are my first-born, my power and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of exaltation and the excellency of power.
Gen 49:4 “Boiling like water, you do not excel, because you went up to your father’s bed, then you defiled it – he went up to my couch.
Ephraim means 'double fruit' being the youngest son Yahusaph(Yoseph) he was given the firstborn blessing
Gen 49:22 Yoseph is a son of the fruitbearing/parah fruit/parah, a son of a fruitbearing/parah fruit/parah by a spring;
its branches/banuth H1323 (banuth also means daughters) run over a wall.
'parah פרה' is a root word 'Ephraim אפרומ' and its clear that Yaaqob told Yahusaph prophetically that he is son of doubly fruitful by a spring whose branches or daughters run over a wall. It is prophetic of Ephraim who will be put away due to idolatry due to worship of golden calves and his seed/branches/daughters would return leaping over a wall back into the camp
These are the words of King David in his prayer 2Sa 22:30 For by you I have run through a troop: by my ELOHIYM have I leaped over a wall.
Yahudah means 'Yahuah is praised with extended hands'
Gen 49:8 “You, Yehuḏah, your brothers praise you; your hand is on the neck of your enemies; your father’s children bow down before you.
Gen 49:9 “Yehuḏah is a lion’s cub; from the prey you have gone up, my son! He bowed down, he crouched like a lion. And like a lion, who does rouse him?
Gen 49:10 “The sceptre shall not turn aside from Yehuḏah, nor a Lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to Him is the obedience of peoples.
Gen 49:11 “Binding his donkey to the vine, and his donkey’s colt to the choice vine, he washed his garments in wine, and his robes in the blood of grapes.
Gen 49:12 “His eyes are darker than wine, and his teeth whiter than milk.
Shiloh means 'that which belongs to him' and is a description prophetically of Yahusha ha Mashiyach and comes from the root word 'shalah שלה' which means 'safety/prosper/secure'. It is said when Shiloh comes to Him is the obedience of people. Mashiyach is called as Lion of Yahudah. He would spring forth from Yahudah and not from Levitical priesthood who attended the altar but after the likeness of Malkitsedeq. Heb 7:12 says For the priesthood being changed of necessity there takes place a change of the Torah
Heb 7:12 For the priesthood being changed, of necessity there takes place a change of Torah
Heb 7:13 For He of whom this is said belongs to another tribe, from which no one had attended at the altar
Heb 7:14 For it is perfectly clear that our Master arose from Yehuḏah, a tribe about which Mosheh never spoke of concerning priesthood,
Heb 7:15 and this is clearer still, if another priest arises in the likeness of Malkitseḏeq,
Heb 7:16 who has become, not according to the Torah of fleshly command, but according to the power of an endless life,
The Torah of sin and death came as a witness against the rebellion of Yasharal and the Levitical priesthood came as a judgment to Yasharal as they would need the mediatorship of Levite priests to offer sacrifices to Yahuah and they could only stand far off in Corporate worship. Scripture says you who were afar off have now being brought near by the blood of Mashiyach. Kepha says in 1Peter 2:9 that we are a royal priesthood a qodesh/set apart nation a people for possession shewing forth the praises of Yahuah. We are priests after the order/dabar of the high priest Malkitsedeq
Psa 110:4 יהוה has sworn and does not relent, “You are a priest forever According to the order/dabar of Malkitseḏeq.”
Malkitsedeq king of Salem (an early name of Yerushalayim) who is Shem brought bread and wine when Abrahm returned after bringing his nephew Lot and all the spoils. Abraham gave him a tenth of all the spoils. This shows that there was a high priest when there was no temple yet, no written Torah yet. I have presented this Malkitsedeq to be Shem in a separate study which can be read from my notes section.
Gen 14:18 And Malkitseḏeq sovereign of Shalĕm brought out bread and wine. Now he was the priest of the Most High Ěl.
Gen 14:19 And he blessed him and said, “Blessed be Aḇram of the Most High Ěl, Possessor of the heavens and earth.
Gen 14:20 “And blessed be the Most High Ěl who has delivered your enemies into your hand.” And he gave him a tenth of all.
At the Pesach meal before Yahusha went to the stake, he blessed the bread and the wine and gave it to his disciples saying ''Do this in remembrance of me''. Was this a coincidence? Not at all, Yahusha was fulfilling what was written about Him being the high priest Malkitsedeq who would restore the Torah of the Covenant and abolish the Torah of sin and death which stood as a witness against Yasharal's rebellion.
In a threefold witness Reuben, Ephraim and Yahudah means ''See a Son doubly fruitful through whom the branches or daughters run over the wall through his extended hands Yah be praised''
Psa 123:1 I shall lift up my eyes Unto You who dwell in the heavens.
Psa 123:2 See, as the eyes of servants/abad are toward the hand of their masters, As the eyes of a handmaid/shiphchah are toward the hand of her mistress, So are our eyes toward יהוה our Elohim, Until He shows favour to us.
The favor is shown to us as we are now become the mishpachah/family through the water and blood/mem of Mashiyach
Joe 2:28 “And after this it shall be that I pour out My Spirit on all flesh. And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men dream dreams, your young men see visions.
Joe 2:29 “And also on the male servants/abad and on the female servants/shiphchah I shall pour out My Spirit in those days.
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