480th year of YasharEL coming out of Egypt; Timeline revisit using Adjusted actual chronology

Preface

The timeline analysis centered on 1 Kings 6 verses 1, which marks the 480th year from the Exodus to the fourth year of Shelomoh’s reign when he began building the House of Yahuah, offers a profound exploration of biblical chronology. This study builds on our previous work, Consolidated view: Timelines to Yahusha, Day 1 to 7 of Creation & Daniel's 70 weeks, where we established a 4000-year timeline from Adam to Yahusha, aligning with the 80th jubilee (80 into 50 years). By employing the Inclusive Reckoning Method and addressing complexities in patriarchal genealogies (e.g., Noah-Shem, Terah-Abram), we identified firstborn sons and their ages to construct a precise timeline. This note refines that approach by introducing the Adjusted Chronology Method to reconcile the 480 years of 1 Kings 6 verse 1 with the 450 years of judges mentioned by Shaul in Acts 13 verse 20. Through meticulous scriptural analysis, historical insights from Flavius Josephus, and adjustments for overlapping reigns and oppressions, this study clarifies the chronological framework of YasharEL’s history, ensuring alignment with the inspired text.

1Kings 6 verse 1 And it came to be, in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of YasharEL had come out of the land of Mitsrayim, in the fourth year of the reign of Shelomoh over YasharEL, in the new moon of Ziw, which is the second new moon, that he began to build the House of YAHUAH. 

In our previous timeline study 'Consolidated view Timelines to Yahusha, Day 1 to 7 of Creation & Daniel's 70 weeks' we saw a timeline right from Adam to Yahusha marking a completion of 4000 years completing the 80th jubilee that is 80 into 50. However, in calculating the timeline we followed a strict principle of taking the ages of the firstborn sons of the father in the timeline and saw how the timeline built with the difficult situation in hand in the Noah-Shem, Ham & Yapheth (Genesis 5 verse 32) & Terah-Abram,Nahor & Haran (Genesis 11 verse 26) by first identifying the firstborn son and then building the timeline using the fatherhood age when the firstborn son was actually born. We followed the 'Inclusive Reckoning Method' (which I have touch based below)

We identified that Yapheth was the firstborn son of Noah when he was 500 years old

Genesis 10 verse 21 And also to Shem, the father of all the children of Eḇer, the brother of Yapheth the elder, children were born. 

We identified Haran was the firstborn son of Terah as Genesis 11 verse 26 just signals the beginning of Terah's fathering children at 70, not that Abram was born at 70.

Terah began having children at age 70 and its most likely Haran for the following reasons:

1. Haran died before Terah in the land of his birth in Ur of Chaldees or Kasdim

Genesis 11 verse 28 And Haran died before his father Teraḥ in the land of his birth, in Ur-kasdim.

2. Nahor took his brother Haran's daughter Milcah to be his wife which shows he was the youngest among Haran and Abraham, and if Haran had a daughter of a marriageable age and his brother Nahor took her to be his wife, this shows that Haran was the one whom Terah bore when he was 70. We just took 70 in Timeline 1 and not 130.

Terah was 205 when he died Genesis 11 verse 32 minus 75 when Abraham left Haran Genesis 12 verse 4 sums to 130. We had taken 70 because that was the starting point of Terah's fatherhood and not Abraham's birth.

Genesis 11 verse 29 And Aḇram and Naḥor took wives: the name of Aḇram’s wife was Sarai, and the name of Naḥor’s wife, Milkah, the daughter of Haran the father of Milkah and the father of Yiskah.

We also saw how the judge’s timeline built up to 450 years as stated by the emissary Shaul in Acts 13 verse 20

Act 13 verse 20 “And after that He gave judges for about four hundred and fifty years, until Shemuel the prophet.

Since then, I have been working on to understand the 480 years completion of the children of YasharEL in the 4th year of Shelemoh's reign and understood why the emissary Shaul said in Acts 13 verse 20 “And after that He gave judges for about four hundred and fifty years, until Shemuel the prophet" (an Inclusive reckoning method or Chronological literal sum).

How the 480 Years are Calculated

Before we begin understanding a building up of a 2nd timeline using the 'Adjusted Chronology method' , let’s first understand the 480 years completion until the 4th year of Shelemoh's reign when he began building the house of Yahuah.

The 480 years in 1 Kings 6 verse 1 “And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of YasharEL had come out of the land of Egypt…”,  is not simply the sum of all the judges’ reigns. Two major methods of ancient Hebrew reckoning were involved

1. Inclusive Reckoning i.e. Chronological literal sum verse The Hebrews often counted partial years as full years. Even if a judge or king reigned only part of a year, it was often recorded as a full year. This method sometimes inflates the apparent duration when listing reigns sequentially but can be used to fill in or deduct certain years/months which is switching at convenience to the Adjusted actual chronology.

2. Adjusted actual Chronology verse Many periods overlapped, especially in the time of the judges and kings. Hence, the Adjusted actual Chronology became a means to incorporate the missing years in a chronology, hence, taking the actual numbers even though not visible in the first glance, but through calculating them.
Specific to the Judges Period, If, we add up the reigns and oppressions listed in Judges without adjustment, the total comes to 450 years. Oppression periods are usually within the judges’ eras, not added separately. By adjusting for overlaps of the oppression periods, the elapsed time fits to 480 years which includes 2 kings’ rule until Shelemoh.

 

Method	Details
1 Chronological Sum literal	Simply adding the years listed for each judge/king sequentially. At convenience switch to back fill years or remove additional years
2 Adjusted Chronology actual	Adjusting for actual years rule by identifying the judge/king/patriarch and his term, along with the obvious which is part of inclusive reckoning.

 

Thus, 1 Kings 6 verse 1 refers to the Adjusted actual Chronology method of 480 years — matching actual elapsed time rather than just adding numbers directly.

 

Key Points:

• Oppression years (times when foreign nations ruled YasharEL) often overlapped the judges' terms, so they are not fully added separately.
• Inclusive reckoning literal method caused partial years to be counted as full years.
• Some judges were regional judges (within the tribe) and not a central leadership (all over YasharEL). Hence, we can't take their rule.
• Thus, after careful adjustment, the true elapsed time between the Exodus and the 4th year of Shelemoh fits very well with the 480 years stated in 1 Kings 6 verse 1.

Image 1. Please refer to the image. The Period of 484 years is until Shelemoh's rule as per 1King's 6 verse 1 when he began to build the house of Yahuah. 

1. In Image 1. The second column builds up to the 484th year from the children of YasharEL coming out of Egypt until Shelemoh's 4th year when he started building the house of Yahuah as per the Adjusted Chronology (actual) method.

2. Oppressing rules: The 111 years of oppression rules of kings over YasharEL (marked in red) during the period of judges is excluded in the 484 timelines as oppression years (times when foreign nations ruled YasharEL) often overlapped the judges' terms, so they are not fully added separately, whereas Shaul the emissary includes it and lets us know Yahuah gave judges for a space of 450 years (Acts 13 verse 20). He was showing the spacing rather than the years which traditionalists use to build a timeline. Most of people now follow James Ussher's (who lived from 1581 to 1656) chronology, he was an Irish Archbishop of the Assembly of Ireland and a prominent scholar of the 17th century. He is most famous for his work on the biblical chronology, particularly his calculation of the date of Creation to being 4004BC. We must understand that during that period they did not have the tools, and yet through searching books and scriptures he built a timeline based on inclusive reckoning (literal) method which is a great thing to do for a start. Today we with the tools available, we can use the adjusted actual chronological method to dig deeper and find the actual chronology. James Ussher gave us a wonderful start in converting AM (Anno Mundi) to BCE.

Acts 13 verse 20 And after that he gave unto them judges about the space of four hundred and fifty years, until Samuel the prophet.

3. 484 years start: Since the 484 years kick start from the time YasharEL exits Egypt as it states in '1Kings 6verse1....after the children of YasharEL had come out of the land of Mitsrayim, in the fourth year of the reign of Shelomoh over YasharEL...' we need to calculate the wilderness journey, judges era + time difference between Eli to king Shaul & ruling years of king Shaul + king David until 4 years of Shelemoh's reign when he began building the house of Yahuah.

4. Yahushua and the elders:

We add Yahushua's 40 years of the wilderness journey and his post wilderness journey as well shared with the elders when adding the 484 years. Judges 2verse7 identifies Yahushua with the elders and not a judge, but we have to take him in the judges era as he and the elders are mentioned in the book of Judges.

 

Judges 2 verse 7 And the people served יהוה all the days of Yahushua, and all the days of the elders who outlived Yahushua, who had seen all the great works of יהוה which He had done for YasharEL. 

We take Yahushua's post 40 years of wilderness to keep the Adjusted actual chronology as he is not a judge but definitely a central leader when Othniel remained dormant as the judges rules era hadn't started yet.

Yahushua or Joshua lived for 110 years. Hence, he would have been 30 years at the start of the Exodus. 110 (when Yahushua died) minus 80 years (of Moses when he stood before Pharaoh) sums to 30. In the wilderness journey he was there so 40 years of his was spent there & 40 years after the wilderness journey.

Joshua 24 verse 29 And after these events it came to be that Yahushua son of Nun, the servant of YAHUAH, died, one hundred and ten years old. 

Joshua 24 verse 30 And they buried him within the border of his inheritance at Timnath Seraḥ, which is in the mountains of Ephrayim, on the north side of Mount Ga‛ash. 

Joshua 24 verse 31 And YasharEL served יהוה all the days of Yahushua, and all the days of the elders who outlived Yahushua, who had known all the works of יהוה which He had done for YasharEL.

In the Antiquities of the Jews 5.117 29 Flavius Josephus says Yahushua became their commander after the death of Moses for 25 years.

Quote: 117 verse 29. So, Joshua, when he had thus discoursed to them, died, having lived a hundred and ten years; forty of which he lived with Moses, in order to learn what might be for his advantage afterwards. He also became their commander after his death for twenty-five years. End Quote.

Judges 2 verse 7 says 'And the people served Yahuah all the days of Yahushua and all the days of the elders who outlived Yahushua, who had seen all the great works of Yahuah which He had done for YasharEL'.

Judges 2 verse 10 And all that generation were likewise gathered to their fathers, and another generation arose after them who did not know יהוה nor the work which He had done for YasharEL. 

The period of judges begins with Othniel being the first judge to the Time difference between Eli and king Shaul + 7 adjusted years of Samuel's solo reign (1 Sam 6 verse 1 & 1 Sam 7 verses 1 and 2) is 360 years. 

The book of judges is not written chronologically and referring to Yahushua's and the elder’s periods (which is why Flavius Josephus stated 25 years Yahushua was commander of YasharEL), we read the following in the Judges passages.

4 times in the book of Judges it says "In those days there was no king in YasharEL; every man did what was right in his own eyes." (scriptures to refer Judges 17 verses 6, 18 verse 1, 19 verse 1, 21 verse 25)

 

Where It Appears in the Book: 

• Judge’s chapters 17 to 21 (Micah's idol, Danite migration, and the Levite’s concubine) are not in chronological sequence with the earlier judges (Othniel to Samuel).
• Instead, these chapters are an appendix placed at the end to highlight the moral and social chaos in YasharEL when there was no central leadership.

Clues to Dating the Event:

Judges 20 verse 28 and Pineḥas son of El‛azar, son of Aharon, stood before it in those days – saying, “Should I yet again go out to battle against the children of my brother Binyamin, or should I cease?” And YAHUAH said, “Go up, for tomorrow I give them into your hand.” 

That places the event early in the Judges period, very soon after Yahushua’s death, since Phinehas was active during the conquest of Canaan (see Joshua 22 verses 13, 30 to 32). The near destruction of Benjamin happens because of this event. In the judge narratives (e.g., Ehud, a Benjamite), the tribe is already functioning again, suggesting this civil war happened before most of the judges ruled.

The statement “there was no king in YasharEL” doesn’t necessarily mean monarchy was expected yet. It is a narrator’s commentary, looking back and lamenting the lack of national leadership (not necessarily a literal king). The rape and civil war described in Judges Chapters 19 to 21 likely took place early in the period of the judges, probably within one or two generations after Yahushua.

The 15 years are given to the elders as Joshua 13 verses 1 records, Yahushua was already old and advanced in years and the 15 years left of his life, he would have supervised the elders in supporting YasharEL tribes remaining to get their tribal inheritance. 

Joshua 13 verse 1 And Yahushua was old, advanced in years. And YAHUAH said to him, “You are old, advanced in years, and still much of the land remains to be possessed. 

Joshua 14 verse 1 Now these the children of YasharEL inherited in the land of Kena‛an, which Eleazar the priest, and Yahushua son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of YasharEL caused them to inherit. 

While the inheritance was allotted to the tribes, the Canaanites had to be driven from their lands and after death of Yahushua which we read in Judges 1, the tribe of Yahudah led the way to support his brothers. We read in Judges 2verse7 And the people served יהוה all the days of Yahushua, and all the days of the elders who outlived Yahushua, who had seen all the great works of יהוה which He had done for YasharEL. Hence, 25 years of Yahushua leading as the commander + 15 years of him supervising elders sums to 40 years.

 

5. Othniel the first judge:

Judges 3 verses 9 And when the children of YasharEL cried out to YAHUAH, Yahuah raised up a savior for the children of YasharEL, who saved themverse Othni’ěl son of Qenaz, Kalěḇ’s younger brother. 

Judges 3 verse 10 And the Spirit of YAHUAH came upon him, and he ruled YasharEL, and went out to battle, and YAHUAH gave into his hand Kushan-Rishathayim sovereign of Aram Naharayim. And his hand prevailed over Kushan-Rishathayim, 

Judges 3 verse 11 and the land had rest for forty years. Then Othni’ěl son of Qenaz died, 

 

Yahushua had already died and it says in Jud 2 verse 7 that the people served Yahuah all the days of Yahushua and all the days of the elders who outlived Yahushua, who had seen all the great works of Yahuah which He had done for YasharEL. 

Judges 2 verse 10 And all that generation were likewise gathered to their fathers, and another generation arose after them who did not know YAHUAH nor the work which He had done for YasharEL. 

The period of judges with Othniel being the first judge to the Time difference between Eli and king Shaul (1 Sam 6 verse 1 & 1 Sam 7 verse 1 and 2) is 360 years. In Timeline 1 we thought Othniel's judging rule overlapped with Yahushua which was a mistake as it was an Inclusive Reckoning (literal) method used. In the better understanding of the Adjusted actual chronology method, a judge is not a judge until the previous judge is dead or unless an overlap is seen in them. The scripture explicitly lets us know the age of Yahushua after the wilderness journey and Judges 2 verses 7 that the people served Yahuah all the days of Yahushua and all the days of the elders who outlived Yahushua, who had seen all the great works of Yahuah. Though Othniel was present when Yahushua was still alive, his 40 years as a judge is called out only after the children of YasharEL had sinned after the elders of YasharEL who outlived Yahushua died and Yahuah gave them over to plunderers. Othniel was raised as a judge only after Kushan-Rishathayim sovereign of Aram Naharayim oppressed YasharEL and the children of YasharEL cried unto Yahuah to save them  

 

Remember, we are not taking the oppressing rules over YasharEL as Oppression periods are usually within the judges’ eras, not added separately in the Adjusted actual chronology and we saw how it aligns with the 480 years of the children of YasharEL coming out of Egypt + 4th year of Shelemoh's rule when he started building the temple of Yahuah.

6. Abimelech: If you notice in the table in the cell marked in light blue, I haven't taken the 3 years rule of Abimelech as he was a forced ruler who killed all his brothers with plotting evil along with the men of Shechem and was punished with death by Yahuah. While we won't get into all the details. Here are some pointers for us to keep in mind, why we are not taking his 3 years rule as a judge.

Judges 9 verse 22 uses word 'shur סור H7786 ' which means 'prince/power/reign' instead of 'shapat שפט H8199' which means 'judge'

Judges 9verse22 And Aḇimelech governed/shur סור  YasharELa’ěl three years, 

a. Judges 9 records him killing 70 sons of Gideon his father by winning the hearts of men of Shechem who did not regard all that Gideon had done for them

b. Yotham his brother escapes and before the escape pronounces curse on Abimelech and men of Shechem and flees to Beer (Judges 9 verse 21)

c. This plotting along with men of Shechem shows, he was a regional judge and not widely accepted by YasharEL as a judge. He showed no quality of being a judge as he gathered worthless men to join him.

d. Yotham's curse comes true as it goes ill between Abimelech and the men of Shechem (Judges 9 verses 23 and 24) as Elohim sent and evil spirit between them, so that all evil may come upon him for killing his 70 brothers.

e. Death of Abimelech:

Judges 9 verse 50 Abimelech then went to Thebets, and he encamped against Thebets and captured it. 
Judges 9 verse 51 However, there was a strong tower in the city, and all the men and women and all the masters of the city fled there and shut themselves in, and went up to the top of the tower. 
Judges 9 verse 52 And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it, and approached the door of the tower to burn it with fire. 
Judges 9 verse 53 But, a certain woman dropped an upper millstone on the head of Abimelech, and crushed his skull. 

Judges 9 verse 54 He then immediately called the young man, his armour-bearer, and said to him, “Draw your sword and kill me, lest men say of me, ‘A woman killed him.’” And his young man thrust him through, and he died. 

 

6. Tola, Deborah & Baraq:

 

Judges 10 verse 1 And after Abimelech there arose Tola son of Puah, son of Dodo, a man of Issakar, to save YasharEL. And he dwelt in Shamur in the mountains of Ephrayim. 

Judges 10 verse 2 And he ruled YasharEL twenty-three years. Then he died and was buried in Shamur. 

Flavius Josephus doesn't mention Tola at all in any of his works. There is nothing written about him and his rule. We need to keep in mind that the book of Judges in not written chronologically and the judges don't fall in line one after the other as stated in the book. We saw the evidence of Micah, the idol, the Levite whose concubine was raped and the near extinction of Benjamin is written in Judges Chapters 17 to 21which was a period when Pinehas, son of Eleazar was alive (Judges 20 verse 28) and is a period after the death of Yahushua and the elders of YasharEL. Hence, we must not think the judging rules mentioned are in chronology and we must look for evidence from scripture related to their tribe and the oppressing rule. The Book of Judges is organized more thematically than chronologically. That means several judges could have served concurrently in different regions, or one could follow shortly after another without a clean timeline. It is possible Tola’s leadership overlapped with or directly followed Deborah’s, particularly if he helped stabilize the region after the military victory over Yabin. The other possibility seems more clearer, after the deliverance under Deborah (Judges Chapters 4 to 5), there is a gap before the next major oppressor (the Ammonites in Judges 10 verses 6 to 9). Tola may have presided during a time of peace following Deborah’s victory—serving more as a governor or stabilizing leader than a military deliverer.

The first thing we see is Tola was the son of Puah, a man of tribe of Issakar. Tola of Judges is not the same one mentioned in 1Chr 7 verse 1 but was from the descendance of Issakar. Yahuah has left us this clue.

1Ch 7 verse 1 And the sons of Issasḵar: Tola, and Pu’ah, Yashuḇ, and Shimron, four. 

Deborah judged from Mount Ephraim (Judges 4 verse 5)—near Bethel.

Judges 4 verse 3 And the children of YashrEL cried out to Yahuah, because he (Yabin) had nine hundred chariots of iron, and for twenty years he harshly oppressed the children of YasharEL. 

Judges 4 verse 4 And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lappiḏoth, was ruling YasharEL at that time. 

Judges 4 verse 5 And she was dwelling under the palm tree of Deḇorah between Ramah and Běyth Ěl in the mountains of Ephrayim. And the children of YasharELa’ěl came up to her for right-ruling. 

We read Tola judged from Shamir in Mount Ephraim (Judges 10 verse 1)

Judges 10 verse1 and after Abimelech there arose Tola son of Pu’ah, son of Doḏo, a man of Issasḵar, to save/yasha ישע H3467 YasharEL. And he dwelt in Shamur in the mountains of Ephrayim. 

Both operated in the central hill country, relatively close to Issakar’s tribal allotment, which bordered Zebulun and Naphtali—regions directly involved in the battle against Yabin.

Judges 5 verse 15 “And the princes of Issakar were with Deborah. And as Issakar, so was Baraq sent into the valley under his command. Among the divisions of Reuḇěn there were great searchings of heart. 

Judges 5 verse 15 shows Yissakar leaders actively joined the military campaign. If Tola was a prominent figure or emerging judge from Issakar after that time, influenced Issakar’s military stabilization and governance.

Judges 10 verse 1 refers him as 'to save/yasha ישע H3467 YasharEL. Bringing stability to a chaotic post war and stabilizing the governance is also saving YasharEL from future enemies. Below is a graphical representation in Image 2.

I have arranged the Timelines according to the oppressing rules in the Timeline.

Judges 10 verse 1 says after Abimelech there arose Tola son of Puah.

We saw Abimelech himself becomes the oppressor. Though he initially gains power with Shechem’s support, he rules tyrannically for three years. Eventually, Elohim sends an evil spirit between Abimelech and the leaders of Shechem, leading to mutual treachery and violence. Abimelech destroys Shechem in a brutal campaign, burning the tower of Shechem and killing many. He is ultimately killed during an attack on Thebez when a woman drops a millstone on his head.

 

So, the oppression came from within—Abimelech, a self-declared king, oppressed both his family and his supporters, ending in mutual destruction.

• After the conquest of Canaan, Yahushua assigned Shechem to Ephraim (see Joshuahua 20 verse 7 and 21 verse 21), and it became one of the cities of refuge. However, since Ephraim and Manasseh were both sons of Yoseph, and their territories bordered each other, Shechem’s proximity to Manasseh’s territory meant it remained a significant site for both tribes.

 

Hence, after Abimelech, rose would be literally chronological incorrect as per English semantics because in Hebrew achar/אחר H310 also means ‘behind after of a place’ or ‘away from’ shows a distance between place and time between the two as both places were in Ephraim. Abimelech himself was the oppressor and self-proclaimed king who only ruled Shechem which was in Ephraim. So, when we understand that Abimelech in Ephraim and Tola also in Ephraim but not one after the other but one apart from the other in respect to the same place but different time, we align our mindset to the Hebrew mindset that the book of Judges is thematic and not chronological (one after the other). We should have the same understanding of the other places in Judges which says “And after ….,rose” unless there is an oppressing rule which tie the judges to the same place or time.

 

7. Yiphthah and Yair: 

 

Jewish history considers Yair as a minor prophet as nothing is written of him about whom he delivered YasharEL from. Flavius Josephus had written about him very little in The Antiquities of Jews 5.254

 

Quote verse 254-6. Now it was that Jair the Gileadite, of the tribe of Manasseh, took the government. He was a man happy in other respects also, but particularly in his children, who were of a good character. They were thirty in number, and very skillful in riding on horses, and were intrusted with the government of the cities of Gilead. He kept the government twenty-two years, and died an old man; and he was buried in Camon, a city of Gilead. End Quote.

Flavius Josephus mostly wrote about prominent people and his works were based on the history he himself could gather. If he wrote very little or missed writing about someone (as Tola), then he must have not had access to the Jewish history of them. But we can see possible clues from scriptures:

 

1. Judges 10 doesn't specify Yair’s ancestry, but we see:

His title "Gileadite"

His rule over Havoth-Yair (same towns as earlier Yair in Numbers 32 verse 41)

His likely tribal affiliation (Manasseh)

And it is very reasonable to see that he was from Gilead

 

Judges 10 verse 3 And after him arose Yair, a Gileadite, and he ruled YasharEL twenty-two years. 

Judges 10 verse 4 And he had thirty sons who rode on thirty donkeys. And they had thirty towns, which are called Hawoth Yair to this day, which are in the land of Gilead 

2. Who Was Gilead?

 

“Gilead” can refer to both

 

Num 26 verse 29 Sons of Menashsheh of Makir, the clan of the Makirites. And Makir brought forth Gilead; of Gilead, the clan of the Gileadites. 

 

Manasseh → Makir → Gilead

 

Gilead’s descendants settled in eastern Manasseh, the region later called Gilead.

Yiphthah is also called 'Yiphtah a Gileadite' 

 

Judges 11 verse 1 And Yiphtah the Gileadite was a mighty brave one, but he was the son of a whore. And Gilead brought forth Yiphtah.

Judges 11 verse 2 And the wife of Gilead bore sons. And when his wife’s sons grew up, they drove Yiphtaḥ out, and said to him, “You shall not have an inheritance in the house of our father, for you are the son of another woman.” 

Yiphthah was cast out by his half-brothers. When the Ammonites attacked YasharEL, the elders of Gilead asked Yiphthah to return and lead them in battle.

The book of Judges was not written chronologically, it was either to tie up between two judges or the oppressing rules.

Judges 10 verse 6 And the children of YasharEL again did evil in the eyes of YAHUAH, and served the Baals and the Ashtoreths, and the mighty ones of Aram, and the mighty ones of Tsiḏon, and the mighty ones of Mo’aḇ, and the mighty ones of the children of Ammon, and the mighty ones of the Philistines – and forsook YAHUAH and did not serve Him. 

Judges 10 verse 7 Therefore the displeasure of יהוה burned against YasharEL. And He sold them into the hands of the Philistines and into the hands of the children of Ammon. 

At first glance, it sounds like both oppressions happened simultaneously, but when read closely — and in light of the following and previous chapters — it becomes clear that this is a summary or transitional statement introducing two parallel or sequential oppressions.

Ammonites oppressed the eastern tribes (especially. Gilead, Ephraim, Benjamin, Yahudah):  This is the focus of Yair's & Yiphthah's story in Judges chapters 10 to 12.

Philistines oppressed the western tribes, particularly along the coast and the Shephelah. The Shephelah (also spelled Shefelah) is a geographical region in ancient YasharEL, specifically referring to the lowland hills that lie between the coastal plain (Philistine territory) and the central highlands (Yahudah's hill country). Hebrew Name שְׁפֵלָה (Shephelah) — meaning “lowland” or “low hills.”

 This becomes the focus in Chapters Judges 13 to 16, beginning with Samson’s birth & Eli as judge 1Samuel 4. While no deliverance from enemies is recorded about Yair, him appointing his 30 sons to 30 towns within Gilead (most likely as leaders from the Ammonite oppression) and naming the 30 towns as Hawoth Yair after his great grandfather's name as stated in Num 32 verse 41, we see scripture defining his role as a judge.

Judges 10 verse 4 And he had thirty sons who rode on thirty donkeys. And they had thirty towns, which are called Hawoth Yair to this day, which are in the land of Gileaḏ. 

Num 32 verse 41 And Yair son of Menashsheh went and took its small towns, and called them Hawoth Yair. 

While the rule of Yair and Yiphthah did not overlap, the Ammonite oppression did and it was central leadership as the Ammonites beyond the Yarden and this side of the Yarden oppressed YasharEL. Gilead was beyond the Yarden and Yair appointing his 30 sons over 30 cities in Gilead shows restraining the Ammonites to cross over the Yarden. After his death, Yiphthah took over.

Judges 10 verse 8 And they crushed and oppressed the children of YasharEL that year – for eighteen years – all the children of YasharEL who were beyond the Yarden in the land of the Amorites, in Gilead. 

Judges 10 verse 9 And the children of Ammon passed over the Yarden to fight against Yahudah, and against Binyamin, and against the house of Ephrayim, so that YasharEL had great distress. 

 

Hence, scripture defines scripture. Here is a graphical representation:

 

Image 3. Oppression rule of Ammonites. Shows the oppressing rule during these judges.

Judges 10 verse 8 says this oppression began “that year” — i.e., the year YasharEL sinned again, assumed as after Yair’s death, if the narrative is strictly sequential. But we know Judges in not chronological in order. When there is a spiritual decline Yahuah builds an oppressor. Just as in days of Shelemoh, when he sinned, he raised Yeroboam who remained dormant in his rule until he rose to rule over house of YasharEL in his son’s reign.

The Hebrew wording in Judges 10 verse 8 "that year" here isn't always precise on exact sequencing, and it's possible that the oppression began during Yair’s latter years, or that he ruled one part of Gilead, while Yiphthah later led a more military-focused effort from another.

 

Judges 10 verse 9verse Ammonites did not only oppress Gilead, but crossed the Yarden to attack Yahuudah, Benjamin, and Ephraim. This shows a widening crisis, possibly requiring different leaders in different areas, or one judge handling resistance (Yair) and another later handling military defense & war (Yiphthah).

It is plausible that Yair’s rule overlapped with the beginning of Ammonite aggression as he set his 30 sons over 30 towns in Gilead, especially if:

• The 18-year oppression began during Yair’s later years
• Yiphthah was raised just after Yair’s rule as the oppression crossed over
• Multiple leaders were active in Gilead at once (some judging, some defending).

 

8. Ibzan, Elon & Abdon-minor judges & were regional: These 3 judges were tribal judges and not central leadership. They did not fight a single battle as commanders, as Othniel, Deborah & Baraq, Gideon etc. did.

There is no record of:

• A foreign oppressor
• A major battle
• Tribal mobilization

This suggests they exercised judicial or administrative authority, likely locally or regionally, not as national saviors.

 

A. Ibzan: From Bethlehem

Judges 12 verse 8  And after him, Ibtsan of Běyth Lechem ruled YasharEL. 

Judges 12 verse 9 And he came to have thirty sons and thirty daughters – he sent abroad and brought in thirty daughters for his sons. And he ruled YasharEL seven years. 

Judges 12 verse 10 And Iḇtsan died and was buried at Běyth Lechem. 

B. Elon:  From Zebulun

Judges 12 verse 11 And after him Elon the Zebulunite ruled YasharEL. And he ruled YasharEL ten years. 

Judges 12 verse 12 And Ělon the Zeḇulunite died and was buried at Ayalon in the land of Zeḇulun. 

 

C. Abdon: From Ephraim

Judges 12 verse 13 And after him, Abdon son of Hillel the Pirathonite ruled YasharEL, 

Judges 12 verse 14 and he had forty sons and thirty grandsons, who rode on seventy young donkeys. And he ruled YasharEL eight years. 

Judges 12 verse 15 And Aḇdon son of Hillel the Pirathonite died and was buried in Pirathon in the land of Ephrayim, in the mountains of the Amaleqites. 

We do not take minor judges/tribal judges rules accounting to 25 years.

 

9. Samson & Eli: Samson's rule overlapped Eli in the 40 years of oppression of the Philistines and he was a regional judge, ruling in the region of DAN. At his death, though he killed many Philistines than in his lifetime, that was not the end of the Philistines oppression and they continued with their oppression post his death as well.

Judges 13 verse 24 So the woman bore a son and called his name Shimshon. And the child grew, and YAHUAH blessed him. 

Judges 13 verse 25 And the Spirit of YAHUAH began to move him at Machaneh Dan, between Tsorah and Eshta’ol (places in Dan).

Joshua 19 verse 40 The seventh lot came out for the tribe of the children of Dan for their clans. 

Joshua 19 verse 41 And the border of their inheritance was Tsor‛ah, and Eshtaol, and Ir Shemesh

It says of him Judg 15 verse 20 And he ruled YasharEL twenty years in the days of the Philistines. 

Eli was a priest and a judge and the cause of his death was 'the Philistines who oppressed YasharEL' captured the ark of the covenant.

1Samuel 4 verse 18  And it came to be, when he made mention of the ark of Elohim, that ELI fell off the seat backward by the side of the gate. And his neck was broken and he died, for the man was old and heavy. And he ruled YasharEL forty years. 

Both Samson and Eli lived during a time when the Philistines oppressed YasharEL (Judges 13 verse 21). Samson's judgeship mostly fits into the first half of Eli’s time as judge.

 

Judges 13 verse 1 And again the children of YasharEL did evil in the eyes of יהוה, so יהוה gave them into the hand of the Philistines for forty years. 

If Eli started judging at AM ~2844, and judged for 40 years, Eli's death would be at AM 2884. Samson’s judgeship fits from AM 2844 to AM 2864 (approximately) as a regional judge.

 

Image 4: gives a description of Eli, Samson, Samuel and Shaul. Please see the image

The color codes in Image 4:

Golden yellow bar: Shows the reigns

Blue bar: Samuel’s age 5 to 30 under Eli

1st Orange bar: Samuel from age 30 to 45. Samuel was a prophet and priest.

Green bar: Samuel’s age 45 to 74, Samuel as interim judge

2nd Orange bar: Samuel’s age from 74 to 92, Samuel as a prophet-priest-judge. Overlapping 18 years with king Shaul. We take king Shaul’s 40 years and not Samuel’s 18 years rule as a judge as king Shaul was the first monarch of YasharEL.

Speaking of Samson, we do not take Samson's 20 years rule as a judge due to the proof of the text which shows he was a regional judge (Judges 13 verse 25 which shows he ruled only Dan) just as Abimelech was (of Shechem). Also, Philistines oppressed YasharEL for 40 years as we read in Judges 13 verse 1. If Samson & Eli's rule is taken without seeing the overlap we get 20+40 = 60, which is incorrect. Hence, we have to see the overlap of the oppressing rule. 

Eli died when he was 98 years old and hence, he started ruling as a judge from age 58. Eli was a mishmereth i.e. a guardian priest and this is what Torah says about age of being a priest and the retirement age.

Num 8 verse 23 Now Yahuah spoke to Mosheh, saying
Num 8 verse 24 This is that what pertains to the Lewiim from twenty-five years old and upward they shall go in to wait upon/tsaba צבא H6633 the service in the work of the tent of appointment.
Num8 verse 25 But at the age of fifty years they shall return from service in the work and not work anymore.
Num8 verse 26 They shall minister their brothers in the tent of appointment, to keep an obligation i.e. mishmereth H4931, but they shall do no work. Thus, you shall deal with the Lewiim concerning their obligation i.e. mishmereth H4931.

משמרת mishmereth H4931 is from משמר mishmer H4929 which means guard or charge or keep or safeguard or custodian and also has the root word shamar שמר which also means to keep or guard.
Those above 50 had an option to return back home or continue to be guardians to the other priests in their respective ministry to teach them the right way if they would err in their priestly duties. They were placed as guardians. The entry age was 25 so that they wait upon (obviously for 5 years) to learn priestly duties as without learning the details, they would call wrath upon themselves and the people. 

Numbers 4 verse 3 gives their entry age as 30, hence, we must see the 5 years of training built in when viewing this scripture based on Num 8 verse 24.

Num 4 verse 3 from thirty years old and above, even to fifty years old, all who enter the service to do the work in the Tent of Appointment.

If Eli was 58 when he began to judge, then he would have been retired from normal priesthood. His sons Hophni and Pineahas were already serving as priests in the tabernacle at Shiloh.

 

Samuel:

1Samuel 1 verse 1  And there was a certain man of Ramathayim Tsophim, of the mountains of Ephrayim, and his name was Elqanah son of Yeroham, son of Elihu, son of Tohu, son of Tsuph, an Ephrayimite. 

1Samuel 1 verse 2 And he had two wives, the name of one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah. And Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children. 

1Samuel 1 verse 3 Now this man went up from his city year by year to worship and to slaughter to YAHUAH of hosts in Shiloh. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Pinehas, the priests of YAHUAH, were there. 

While Torah does not give an age when a priest should be married, we understand from the renewed covenant that the overseer should be husband of one wife as taught by emissary Shaul who was instructed under Gamaliel who was a Torah teacher.

 

Acts 22 verse 3  “I am indeed a YAHUDI, having been born in Tarsos of Kilikia, but brought up in this city at the feet of Gamliel, having been instructed according to the exactness of the Torah of our fathers, being ardent for Elohim, as you all are today, 

1Timothy 3 verse 1 Trustworthy is the word, If a man longs for the position of an overseer, he desires a good work. 

1Timothy 3 verse 2  An overseer, then, should be blameless, the husband of one wife, sober, sensible, orderly, kind to strangers, able to teach, 

While 1Timothy 3 verse 1 and 2 doesn't put a condition that an overseer should be husband when in duty of serving as a minister, the Torah always taught sexual purity setting moral and spiritual qualifications for Renewed Covenant leadership.

Husband of one wife shows disqualification of ministry if he had two wives, and that's why probably Elkanah who was a Qohatithe from the lineage of Aharon was not into priesthood duties as he had 2 wives.

How do we know he was from the Qehath lineage?

1Chronicles 6 verse 16 The sons of Lewi: Gereshom, Qehath, and Merari. 

1Chronicles 6 verse 18 And the sons of Qehath: Amram, and Yitshar, and Hebron, and Uzzi’el. 

 

1Chronicles 6 verse 22 The sons of Qehath: Amminaḏaḇ his son, Qoraḥ his son, Assir his son, 

1Chronicles 6 verse 23 Elqanah his son, Ebyasaph his son, Assir his son, 

1Chronicles 6 verse 24 Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziyah his son, and Sha’ul his son. 

1Chronicles 6 verse 25 And the sons of Elqanah: Amasai and Ahimoth. 

1Chronicles 6 verse 26 Elqanah – the sons of Elqanahverse Tsophai his son, and Naḥath his son, 

1Chronicles 6 verse 27 Eliyab his son, Yeroḥam his son, Elqanah his son. 

1Chronicles 6 verse 28  And the sons of Shemuel: Yoel the first-born, and Abiyah the second. 

While all Levites from Qohath lineage are not priests, only Aaronic priests could offer sacrifices (Leviticus 1 verse 5, 6 verse 8 to 13) & we see Samuel - a prophet-priest-judge as 1 Samuel 7 verse 15 says when he gathered YasharEL at Mitspah he offered whole burnt offering to Yahuah. He did not serve in the tabernacle as his ministry was more of a prophet to the entire nation from Dan to Beersheba. Image 4 is a guide to understand the phases of his ministry.

1Samuel 7 verse 15 “And Samuel took a suckling lamb and offered it as a whole burnt offering to Yahuah. And Samuel cried out to Yahuah for YasharEL, and Yahuah answered him.”

 

1 Samuel 10 verse 8;13 and verses 8 to 14 – With Saul & people:  They were expected to wait on Samuel to offer sacrifices without which people wouldn't eat.

1Samuel 10 verse 8 “And you shall go down before me to Gilgal. And see, I am coming down to you to offer ascending offerings and slaughter slaughtering’s of peace offerings. Wait seven days, till I come to you, then I shall make known to you what you should do.” 

1Samuel 9 verse 12 And they answered them and said, “He is. Look, ahead of you. Hurry now, for he came to this city today, for the people have a slaughtering on the high place today. 

1Samuel 9 verse 13 “As you come into the city, you are going to find him before he goes up to the high place to eat. For the people do not eat until he comes, for he blesses the slaughtering, afterward they who are invited eat. And now, go up, for you should find him about this time.”

1Samuel 3 verse 19 And Shemuel grew up, and YAHUAH was with him and did not let any of his words fall to the ground. 

1Samuel 3 verse 20 And all YasharEL from Dan to Beersheba knew that Shemu’ěl had been established as a prophet of YAHUAH. 

1Samuel 3 verse 21 And YAHUAH continued to appear in Shiloh, because YAHUAH revealed Himself to Shemuel in Shiloh by the word of YAHUAH. 

Samuel several times in scripture is called as prophet and seer.

 

 

 

Samuel as a judge:

If Eli was 58 then he would have been retired from normal priesthood when he ruled as a judge but still a chief priest or guardian (mishmereth). His sons Hophni and Pineahas were already serving as priests in the tabernacle at Shiloh. Eli was still a chief priest or a mishmereth (custodian or guardian to teach priests the way of priesthood in the tabernacle) when Hannah being childless came to pray to Yahuah and in bitterness of soul mumbled, Eli thought she was drunk.

1Samuel 1 verse 9 And Hannah rose up after eating and drinking in Shiloh, while Eli the priest was sitting on the seat (Hebrew word kisseh כסה which also means covering) by the doorpost of the Hekal of Yahuah. 

1Samuel 1 verse 10 And she was bitter in life, and prayed to YAHUAH and wept greatly.

Here, Eli was still a mishmereth priest as per Torah and seated on the priestly seat by the doorpost of the tabernacle of Yahuah. Hanna (Samuel's mother) was childless. When Eli realizes she was praying in bitterness of soul for being childless and as a priest blesses her and she was no more sad as she was convinced her womb would open up due to the priestly blessing.

1Samuel 1 verse 17 And Eli answered and said, “Go in peace, and the Elohim of YasharEL give you your petition which you have asked of Him.” 

1Samuel 1verse 18 And she said, “Let your female servant find favor in your eyes.” And the woman went her way and ate, and her face was no more sad. 

1Samuel 1 verse 19  And they rose up early in the morning and worshipped before YAHUAH, and returned and came to their house at Ramah. And Elqanah knew Hannah his wife, and YAHUAH remembered her. 

Eli would have been anywhere between 50 to 58 as his age is not mentioned but can only be calculated as a judge. i.e. he was 98 when he died and he ruled 40 years, hence, he started judging YasharEL at age 58. From age 50-58 he would have been retired from normal priesthood in serving in the tabernacle, attending the altar. 

To have Hophni and Pinehas into being priests who need to be 30 as an entrance state (we saw 25years when he would wait upon to learn the processes involved in priesthood). We also understood that if emissary Shaul tells that an overseer should be husband of one wife, it is understood that 'polygamy' was not allowed or else one would be disqualified to be a priest serving in the temple which is why probably Elkanah, Samuel's father couldn't take up priesthood or serving as attendant of the qodesh things of the tabernacle as he had 2 wives.

While the text itself does not say a Levite priest should be married to serve Yahuah in the tabernacle, chastity was the utmost importance as 'let each man have his own wife'. While Torah explicitly does not say that a priest must marry but Marriage was expected, especially for chief/high priests.

Leviticus 21 verse 10 ‘And the high priest among his brothers, on whose head the anointing oil was poured and who is ordained to wear the garments, does not unbind his head nor tear his garments, 

Leviticus 21 verse 11 nor come near any dead body, nor defile himself for his father or his mother, 

Leviticus 21 verse 12  nor go out of the set-apart place, nor profane the set-apart place of his Elohim, for the sign of dedication of the anointing oil of his Elohim is upon him. I am YAHUAH

Leviticus 21 verse 13 ‘And let him take a wife in her maidenhood. 

Leviticus 21 verse 14 ‘A widow or one put away or a defiled woman or a whore – these he does not take. But a maiden of his own people he does take as a wife. 

Leviticus 21 verse 15 ‘And he does not profane his offspring among his people, for I am יהוה, who sets him apart.’” 

Eli was a chief priest or mishmereth, but he could not have been a high or chief priest without serving in the tabernacle as a priest. Also, he would have been at least 51 years to have sons at 30 years of age serving as priests in the temple.

Assuming Eli married at 24 at least to enter priesthood to be under a tutor for 5 years, and then a first son being born at least when he was 26 years old, hence, 26 + 25 (first son's entrance age to priesthood) = 51 & second son when he would be at least when he was 28 years old, hence 28 + 25 (second son's entrance age to priesthood = 53 years. Hence, he would have been 53 years when both his sons served has priests. When Hannah came to the tabernacle, both his sons Hophni and Pinehas were serving priests in the tabernacle. Hence, keeping the space, he would have been 58 when Samuel was brought into the tabernacle when he was 5 (weaning age).

1Samuel 1 verse 24  And when she (Hannah) had weaned (gamal גמל H1580) him, she took him up with her, with three bulls, and one ěphah of flour, and a skin of wine, and brought him to the House of YAHUAH in Shiloh. And the child/naar נער H5288 was young/naar נער H5288 .

 

gamal גמל H1580 verse  A primitive root; to treat a person (well or ill), that is, benefit or requite; by implication (of toil) to ripen, that is, (specifically) to wean: - bestow on, deal bountifully, do (good), recompense, requite, reward, ripen, + serve, wean, yield.

 

'gamal' in Hebrew also means 'reward/yield' as in a walk (gamal also means to walk) being fruitful. Sanuel as a child grew up to a potential age of fruitfulness.

The Hebrew word naar נער H5288 used repetitive in 1Samuel 1 verse 24 shows Samuel was a child of a child when he came to serve Yahuah before Eli the priest.

1Samuel 2 verse 11 And Elqanah went to his house at Ramah. But the youth served YAHUAH before Eli the priest. 

One should not misunderstand that Samuel ministered as a priest at age 5, when Eli was at least 58 (a retired priest but still a mishmereth and now a judge), he was assistant to Eli, probably small tasks as opening the tabernacle door and closing it, handling some tasks assigned to him by Eli etc. until age 30. (1Samuel 3 verse 15). Samuel would have been at least 45 years old when Eli died at 98, depending what Eli's age was when he himself was 5. Say for example Eli was 58 years old when Samuel came in at age 5 after being weaned, Eli would continue as a judge for another 40 years and Samuel would have been 45 years when Eli died & 30 years when Eli was 83 years old, and Samuel would have been a qualified prophet-priest-judge at this age. But he could not be a judge until Eli was alive.

Numbers 4 verse 1  And YAHUAH spoke to Mosheh, and to Aharon, saying, 

Numbers 4 verse 2 “Take a census of the sons of Qehath from among the children of Lewi, by their clans, by their fathers’ house, 

Numbers 4 verse 3  from thirty years old and above, even to fifty years old, all who enter the service to do the work in the Tent of Appointment. 

We then read that Eli's eyes began to grow dim, which shows, it was time for him to replace Eli and he would have grown up to be a young man, and not a child as at age 58 (of Eli), his eyes would not be dim. It would have been at least when he was 83+ and Samuel would have been 30+ which was an age ready for ministering in the office of prophet-priest-judge.

1Samuel 3 verse 1 And the young Shemuel was serving YAHUAH before Eli. And the word of YAHUAH was rare in those days – no vision breaking forth. 

1Samuel 3 verse 2 And it came to be in that day, that Eli was lying down in his place. And his eyes had begun to grow so dim that he was unable to see, 

1Samuel 3 verse 3 And the lamp of Elohim had not gone out in the Hekal of YAHUAH where the ark of Elohim was, and Shemuel was lying down to sleep. 

1Samuel 4 verse 15 Now Eli was ninety-eight years old and his eyes were so dim that he was unable to see.

1Samuel 3 verse 2 says Eli's eyes had begun to grow dim, and 1Samuel 4 verse 15 says at age 98 his eyes had begun to grow so dim that he was unable to see.

 

Hence, we see Yahuah revealing Himself to Samuel in the latter years of Eli and not when Samuel was a young boy as the carnal mind assumes.

Time difference between Eli and king Shaul is from the death of Eli:

1Samuel 4 verse 18 And it came to be, when he made mention of the ark of Elohim, that Eli fell off the seat backward by the side of the gate. And his neck was broken and he died, for the man was old and heavy. And he ruled YasharEL forty years. 

We need to mark the oppressors as Philistines as during Samson’s rule & after his death, through all the rule of Eli. In Eli's 40 years rule overlapping Samson's regional judge rule, YasharEL was under oppression by the Philistines. Moreover, Eli's sons Hophni & Pinehas were wicked and the ark of Yahuah was captured by the Philistines as YasharEL was smitten before them. We also know that when Yahuah would have delivered YasharEL under king Shaul, because of his disobedience to Yahuah his overthrow was determined until David was established as a king. 

1Samuel 4 verse 1 Thus the word of Shemuel was to all YasharEL. And YasharEL went out to battle against the Philistines, and encamped beside Eben Ha‛ězer, while the Philistines encamped in Aphěq. 
1Samuel 4 verse 2  And the Philistines put themselves in battle array against YasharEL. And when the battle spread, YasharEL was stricken by the Philistines, who killed about four thousand men of the army in the field. 1Samuel 4 verse 3  And when the people came into the camp, the elders of YasharEL said, “Why has YAHUAH smitten us today before the Philistines? Let us bring the ark of the covenant of יהוה from Shiloh to us, so that He comes into our midst and save us from the hand of our enemies.” 

1Samuel 4 verse 4 And the people sent to Shiloh, and they brought from there the ark of the covenant of YAHUAH of hosts, dwelling between the keruḇim. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Pineḥas, were there with the ark of the covenant of Elohim. 
1Samuel 4 verse 5 And when the ark of the covenant of YAHUAH came into the camp, all YasharEL shouted so loudly that the earth shook. 
1Samuel 4 verse 6 And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, “What is the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews?” And when they knew that the ark of YAHUAH had come into the camp, 
1Samuel 4 verse 7 the Philistines were afraid, for they said, “Elohim has come into the camp!” And they said, “Woe to us! For it has never been like this before. 
1Samuel 4 verse 8 “Woe to us! Who shall deliver us from the hand of these mighty Elohim? These are the Elohim who struck the Mitsrites with all the plagues in the wilderness. 
1Samuel 4 verse 9 “Be strong and be men, you Philistines, that you do not become servants of the Hebrews, as they have been to you. Be men, and fight!” 
1Samuel 4 verse 10 And the Philistines fought, and YasharEL was smitten, and every man fled to his tent. And the slaughter was very great, and there fell of YasharEL thirty thousand foot soldiers. 
1Samuel 4 verse 11 And the ark of Elohim was captured, and the two sons of Eli died, Hophni and Pinehas. 

Thus, the word of Samuel to all YasharEL should not be misunderstood stating he told them to go to war. It was in continuation of Yahuah revealing Himself to Samuel and he was established as a prophet. This is further, evidence that he was 30+ years as all YasharEL from Dan to Beersheba knew that Samuel had been established as a prophet of Yahuah. Thus, the word of Samuel was to all YasharEL.

1Samuel 3 verse 19 And Shemu’ěl grew up, and יהוה was with him and did not let any of his words fall to the ground. 

1Samuel 3 verse 20 And all YasharEL from Dan to Beersheḇa knew that Shemuel had been established as a prophet of YAHUAH. 

1Samuel 3 verse 21  And YAHUAH continued to appear in Shiloh, because YAHUAH revealed Himself to Shemuel in Shiloh by the word of YAHUAH.  

While building a timeline using AM (Anno Mundi-Latin for "In the Year of the World". It is used in Yahudite chronology and counts the years from the creation of the world, as calculated from the Hebrew Bible), assuming Samuel's entire rule as a judge all the days of his life is erroneous.

1Samuel 7 verse 14 And the cities which the Philistines had taken from YasharEL were returned to YasharEL, from Eqron to Gath. And YasharEL recovered its border from the hands of the Philistines. And there was peace between YasharEL and the Amorites. 

1Samuel 7 verse 15 And Shemuel rightly ruled YasharEL all the days of his life, 

It does not mean Samuel ruled all the days of his life for the following reason (kindly refer to image 4)

Acts 13 verse 20 clearly says " “And after that He gave judges for about four hundred and fifty years until Shemuel the prophet'' & so does 1Samuel 3 verses 19 to 20.

 

1Samuel 3 verse 19 And Shemuel grew up, and YAHUAH was with him and did not let any of his words fall to the ground. 

1Samuel 3 verse 20 And all YasharEL from Dan to Beersheḇa knew that Shemu’ěl had been established as a prophet of YAHUAH. 

This shows Samuel operated as a prophet from the time he came to know Yahuah at 30 years. The ark of Yahuah & cities were restored back to YasharEL by the Philistines only when Samuel brought YasharEL into a national repentance. The ark and the cities were captured during the end of Eli's rule and the cause of his death. Before the era of 1 Samuel 7 verse 14 which records that the Philistines took the cities of YasharEL, returned them back to YasharEL, Samuel was alive and very much in YasharEL and operated as a prophet-priest & interim judge until YasharEL asked for a king. It’s just that he was silent when YasharEL was at war with the Philistines and the ark and cities of YasharEL captured by them was during Eli's rule as a judge, because he was not a judge when Eli was the judge. Also, as a prophet he would have known that Yahuah wanted to judge the house of ELI and hence, he chose to remain silent. He would definitely have been in the office of a prophet & priest until Eli died. The restoration back to YasharEL happened when he operated in the office of an interim judge without a war being fought by him as a commander of the people of Yahuah. Hence, when it says Samuel rightly ruled YasharEL all the days of his life, must be understood when he operated as an interim judge and a full-fledged prophet. He later made his sons shapat or judges and they didn't walk in his ways. We can understand this as the people did not ask him for a judge but a king.

 

1Samuel 8 verse 1 And it came to be, when Shemu’ěl was old, that he made his sons rulers or shapat שפט H8199 over YasharEL. 

1Samuel 8 verse 5  and said to him, “Look, you are old, and your sons do not walk in your ways. Now appoint for us a sovereign to rule us like all the nations.” 

When did Samuel start operating as an interim judge?

We have scripture recording after death of Eli the ark which was captured by the Philistines when Eli was alive and operated as a judge, this was considered as the esteem departed away from YasharEL as stated by Pinehas's wife when she gave birth to her son and named him Ikabod (which means the esteem is departed) 1Samuel 4 verses 21 and 22. Post the capture of the ark, the ark of the Covenant was in the country of the Philistines for 7 months. Yahuah judged the Philistines severely as tumors broke forth on them which forced them to return the ark of Yahuah on a wagon with two milk cows with gold carved images of tumors and rats. These 7 months/new moons have to be considered in the inclusive reckoning to adjust the actual chronology. 

 

1Samuel 6 verse 1  And the ark of YAHUAH was in the field of the Philistines for seven new moons. 

You may read the details in 1Samuel 6:2 to 15

We then read that the milk cows went straight ahead and came to Beth Shemesh

 

We then read that Yahuah struck the men of Beth Shemesh for they had looked into the ark of Yahuah and 70 men died. They then diverted the ark to Qiryath Yearim. 1 Samuel 6 verses 19 to 21.

We then read 1Samuel 7 verse 1 And the men of Qiryath Ye‛arim came and took the ark of YAHUAH, and brought it into the house of Abinadab on the hill, and set apart Eleazar his son to guard the ark of YAHUAH. 

1Samuel 7 verse 2 And it came to be, from the day that the ark remained in Qiryath Ye‛arim, that the time increased, it came to be twenty years. And all the house of YasharELa’ěl lamented after YAHUAH. 

We then read, it came to be 20 years from the day that the ark remained in Qiryath Yearim and all the house of YasharEL lamented for Yahuah. These 20 years help us build a time between the rule of Eli and king Shaul and these 22 years (7 months ark in Philistines + 20 years ark at Qiryath Yearim + 1 year when Samuel stood at Mitspah). Samuel was the interim judge and that's why Shaul the emissary says "He gave them judges for a space of 450 years until Samuel the prophet". This shows the emissary Shaul identified Samuel in the office of a prophet and filling in as a judge. We also see there was not a single battle fought by Samuel as the commander of the people of Yahuah as all previous judges had. Eli also had not fought a single battle as he was both a priest who served Yahuah at the tabernacle of Shiloh as well as a judge. As a judge, Eli would have been responsible for leading the people in matters of law, governance, and spiritual direction but he failed as a mishmereth which means guardian priest & a judge as his sons Hophni and Phinehas, who were also priests were wicked men, abusing their priestly positions by disrespecting the offerings to Elohim, engaging in immoral behavior, and leading the people into sin. Eli’s failure to properly discipline his sons led to divine judgment. Being in the office of a chief priest or mishmereth, he should have disqualified them from being priests before Yahuah which he didn't & the judgment on Eli's family was part of a larger narrative about the decline of the priesthood at the time and the rise of Samuel as a new leader for YasharEL.

Post the ark being 20 years in Qiryath Yearim, we then see Samuel intervening in supporting YasharEL in a national repentance when he saw the people lamenting for Yahuah. He probably waited for the correct opportunity to address their conviction of heart in teaching them the law, governance and spiritual direction. He asks them to put away all the foreign mighty ones "....so that He delivers you from the hand of the Philistines" 1Samuel 7 verse 3. This gathering was at Mitspah and we have 1Samuel 7 verse 6 recording "....And Samuel rightly ruled the children of YasharEL at Mitspah". This was his first physical appearance as in the ministry of a judge though he served YasharEL in the office of a prophet & priest just as Eli served in the office of a priest. His intervention followed by deliverance from the Philistines without him waging a war as Yahuah fought for YasharEL.

You may read the entire account in 1 Samuel 7 verses 3 to 11.

Let’s read 1Samuel 7 verse 12 And Shemu’ěl took a stone and set it up between Mitspah and Shěn, and called its name Eḇen Ha‛ezer, saying, “See here (Hebrew word hinneh הנה H2009) until (Hebrew word ad עד  H5704) YAHUAH has helped us.

Samuel said 'see here until' (KJV translates it as Hitherto), Yahuah has helped us. Hence, in the timeline we take 22 years (7 months ark in Philistines + 20 years ark at Qiryath Yearim + 1 year when Samuel stood at Mitspah when Yahuah helped YasharEL). The verse says Samuel set up a stone and called its name 'stone of help' (Hebrew Eben אבן H68 haezer העזר H5828).

Now you will have a question, after Mitspah to appointment of Shaul as king, where are those missing years?

1Samuel 7 verse 15 And Shemuel judged (Hebrew word: shapat שפט H8199) YasharEL all the days of his life, 

1Samuel 7 verse 16 and each year he made the rounds of Běyth Ěl, and Gilgal, and Mitspah, and rightly ruled YasharEL in all those places. 

1Samuel 7 verse 17 Then he returned to Ramah, for his home was there. And there he judged (Hebrew word: shapat שפט H8199) YasharEL, and there he built a slaughter-place to YAHUAH. 

The answer lies in understanding that Samuel acted as a prophet to the entire nation i.e. from Dan to Beersheba (1 Samuel 3 verse 20) in these 3 places i.e. Bethel, Gilgal & Mitspah as a judge. Please see the map in Image 5 which shows his regional rule, marked in red for you.

 

Image 5. Map of Samuel's interim judging

 

 

Image 6:  Samuel's prophetic ministry covered all of YasharEL:  Northern most city named Dan to Beersheba in the south. Samson as a regional judge only judged the land allotted to tribe of Dan bordering the Philistines.

1Samuel 3 verse 20 And all YasharEL from Dan to Be’ěrsheḇa knew that Shemu’ěl had been established as a prophet of יהוה. 

2Samuel 3 verse 7 And Sha’ul had a concubine, whose name was Ritspah, daughter of Ayah. And Ishbosheth (king Shaul’s son) said to Abner, “Why have you gone in to my father’s concubine?” 
2Samuel 3 verse 8 And Abner was very displeased at the words of Ishbosheth, and said, “Am I a dog’s head that belongs to Yahudah, that I show loving-commitment to the house of Sha’ul your father, to his brothers, and to his friends today, and have not let you fall into the hand of David, that you charge me today with a sin concerning this woman? 

2Samuel 3 verse 9 “Elohim does so to Abner, and more also, if I do not do for Daviḏ as YAHUAH has sworn to him 
2Samuel 3 verse 10 to cause the reign to pass over from the house of Sha’ul, and to raise up the throne of David over YasharEL and over Yahudah, from Dan to Beěrsheḇa.” 

2Samuel 24 verse 1 And again the displeasure of Yahuah burned against YasharEL, and moved David against them to say, “Go, number YasharEL and Yahudah.” 

2Samuel 24 verse 2 And the sovereign said to Yoab the commander of the army who was with him, “Go please, throughout all the tribes of YasharEL, from Dan to Beersheba, and register the people, so that I know the number of the people.

The verses quoted show king Shaul’s reign and now king David’s reign was from Dan to Beersheba as seen in Image 6 map.

Dan in the Phrase “From Dan to Beersheba”

• This Dan refers to the northernmost city of YasharEL, located near the foot of Mount Hermon.
• It was originally called Laish, but was renamed Dan after the tribe of Dan captured it (Judges 18 verse 27 to 29).

Judges 18 verse 27 Then they took what Miḵah had made, and the priest who had belonged to him, and went to Layish, to a people who were at rest and unsuspecting, and struck them with the edge of the sword and burned the city with fire. 

Judges 18verse 28 And there was no deliverer, because it was far from Tsiḏon, and they had no word with anyone. And it was in the valley that belongs to Beyth Rehob. And they rebuilt the city and dwelt there. 

Judges 18 verse 29 And they called the name of the city Dan, after the name of Dan their father, who was born to YasharEL. But previously the name of the city was Layish. 

• It became a symbolic reference point for the northern extreme of YasharEL— hence the common phrase:

“From Dan to Beersheba” = All of YasharEL, north to south
(1 Samuel 3 verse 20, 2 Samuel 24 verse 2)

Hence, we see Samuel was an interim judge and as a prophet, he did right ruling over all of YasharEL. We can only back fill this number as 7 years which comes as a gap in the timeline because scriptures are silent on the following:

• Samuel's age when he rightly ruled YasharEL when he made his rounds in Bethel, Gilgal & Mitspah. We can only assume his entry age based on the Levites entry age (30 when Eli was 83) & 45 when Eli died at 98. (98- 83 = 15). We add this 15 to 30 = 45.
• Samuel's age at death is not recorded in scripture. According to Joshuaephus (Antiquities 6.13.5 & 6.378), Samuel was alive until Shaul's 18th year of reign & Shaul reigned for another 22 years                                                                                                                                                                         Quote 378 : 9. To this his end did Saul come, according to the prophecy of Samuel, because he disobeyed the commands of God about the Amalekites, and on the account of his destroying the family of Ahimelech the high priest, with Ahimelech himself, and the city of the high priests. Now Saul, when he had reigned eighteen years while Samuel was alive, and after his death two [and twenty], ended his life in this manner End Quote 
• We can only assume the calculation. If Samuel was 45 when Eli died & adding 22 years until Mitspah event, Samuel would have been 45 + 22 = 67 years. Backfilling the 7 years from here until Shaul was elected as a king where Samuel was 18 years present during Shaul's 40year rule (according to Flavius Joshuaephus), we arrive at 67 + 7 + 18 = 92 (approx.) when Samuel died.

The 7 years back fill fits perfectly well as we see year by year Samuel making rounds indicating 1 Shemitah (1 shemitah is 7 years) between Bethel, Gilgal & Mitspah.

 

The rule set up by Samuel from time Shaul was anointed as king:

It has to be understood that when people asked Samuel for a king, he warned them and this warning is recorded in 1Sam 8 verses 11 to 18 and when they didn't listen, on Yahuah's direction he anointed them Shaul as their king.

1Samuel 8 verse 11 and said, “This is the ruling of the sovereign who does reign over you: He shall take your sons and appoint them for his own chariots and to be his horsemen, and they shall run before his chariots, 

1Samuel 8 verse 12  and appoint commanders over his thousands and commanders over his fifties, or to plough his ground and reap his harvest, or to make his weapons, and equipment for his chariots. 

1Samuel 8 verse 13 “And your daughters he is going to take to be perfumers, and cooks, and bakers. 

1Samuel 8 verse 14 “And the best of your fields, and your vineyards, and your olive-trees he is going to take and give them to his servants. 

1Samuel 8 verse 15 “And a tenth of your grain and your vintage he is going to take and give it to his officers and servants. 

1Samuel 8 verse 16 “And your male servants and your female servants and your best young men and your donkeys he is going to take and use for his own work. 

1Samuel 8verse 17 “A tenth of your sheep he is going to take, and you are to be his servants. 

1Samuel 8 verse 18 “And you shall cry out in that day because of your sovereign whom you have chosen for yourselves, but YAHUAH is not going to answer you in that day.” 

Torah lets us know that the entry age for a man of war should be 20 years and above. All kings were to be men of war as commanders of the army of YasharEL. This was later not followed as kings as Yoash (7 years when elected under a priestly leader 2Kings 11 verse 21), Manasseh (12 years when became king 2Kings 21 verse 1) & YoshiYahu (8 years when became king 2Kings 22 verse 1).

Numbers 1 verse 2 “Take a census of all the congregation of the children of YasharEL, by their clans, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of names, every male, head by head, 

Numbers 1 verse 3  from twenty years old and above, everyone going out to the army in YasharEL. Number them by their divisions, you and Aharon. 

 

Nevertheless, Samuel being a faithful prophet would have under Yahuah's guidance chosen Shaul when Shaul was at least 20 years old, as Shaul was the first monarch of the kingdom. Samuel would have written all governing laws for a king and his kingdom and made the king of YaharEL accountable for his actions being a leader of the armies of Yahuah of hosts. Also, a king would need to know the Torah of Moses to rightly rule them. It is carnal to think, he just made him a king and left him to do things of his own. Hence, in these 18 years when Samuel was alive until Shaul disobeyed Yahuah's instructions, Samuel would have definitely guided Shaul in the rule. Hence, Shaul was fully accountable for what he did as a king and why Yahuah rejected him to be a king. The proof of the text lies in 1Samuel 11 verse 12 to 15.

1Samuel 11 verse 12 And the people said to Shemuel, “Who said, ‘Shall Sha’ul reign over us?’ Bring the men, so that we put them to death.” 

1Samuel 11 verse 13 But Sha’ul said, “No man is put to death this day, for today YAHUAH has wrought deliverance in YasharEL.” 

1Samuel 11 verse 14 And Shemuel said to the people, “Come, and let us go to Gilgal and renew the reign there.” 

1Samuel 11verse 15 And all the people went to Gilgal, and there they set up Sha’ul to reign before YAHUAH in Gilgal, and there they slaughtered slaughtering’s of peace offerings before YAHUAH. And there Sha’ul rejoiced, and all the men of YasharEL, very greatly. 

Where was the reign originally set up?

Shaul was first chosen and anointed privately by Samuel:

• 1 Samuel 9 to 10: Shaul is anointed in secret by Samuel (10 verse 1).
• 1 Samuel 10 verses 17 to 24: Shaul is then publicly selected by lot at Mizpah. This was likely the first official public "setting up" of the reign.

1Samuel 10 verse 17 And Shemuel called the people together to YAHUAH at Mitspah, 

However,

• The public response was mixed — “some worthless men said, ‘How can this man save us?’” (10 verse 27), and Saul did not take immediate military or royal action.

Why was the reign "renewed"?

After Shaul's military victory over the Ammonites (1 Samuel 11), he proved himself worthy as a leader. The people, now united in support, were ready to fully affirm his reign.

So, Samuel says in 1 Samuel 11 verse 14verse

“Come, and let us go to Gilgal and renew the kingdom there.”

At Gilgal, they:

• Reaffirmed Shaul as king.
• Offered sacrifices and celebrated (1 Sam 11verse15).

Accountability as a king can be seen when we see David, in his arrogance, ordered a census of YasharEL and later his heart smote him as he knew he had done wrong as per Torah of Moses's instructions as to who can do a census and what has to be done when a census is done. 

 

Building a Timeline based on Adjusted Chronology (actual):

 

Image 7. Timeline 1 & 2

 

In Image 7. We see the first Timeline stated as Timeline 1 is based on Chronological Sum (literal) & the second Timeline stated as Timeline 2 is based on Adjusted Chronology (actual). Both the timelines in their calculations add up to 4000 years. The Traditional approach taken by many theologians is the Timeline 1 based on Chronological Sum (literal) following James Ussher's chronology. I myself in my videos on 'Consolidated view Timelines to Yahusha, Day 1 to 7 of Creation & Daniel's 70 weeks' took the traditional approach. But when I was questioned on Abraham's age and certain lost years between the patriarchs in a timeline built, made me look out and include the lost years to build a second timeline which is more consistent than Timeline 1.

Key points on Timelines from Adam to Mashiyach Yahusha:

1. The 484 years from the wilderness journey to the 4th year of Shelemoh building the house of Yahuah became a path finder to brain storm and jot down the Timeline 2. You will not find the Timeline 2 anywhere else as it’s an effort put in through a lot of searching of scriptures and understanding of the difference between a Literal Chronological Sum method and an Adjusted actual Chronology. 

2. The Timeline 2 has the columns Years from Creation AM, Event and conversion to BCE based on 3974 BC & 4004BC as being 1AM. The 4004 BC at creation is a more consistent calculated method invented by James Ussher. His conversion methods are correct but the chronological timeline is based on the 1st method termed as Chronological literal sum. We need to improvise in a more appropriate approach considering the lost years in the interim between patriarchs or events.

 

The 4000 years’ timeline i.e. 80 into 50 jubilees lands us to 4BCE and according to James Ussher, he does not or could not comprehend the end time events as it was all concealed right until the end. 

Modern theologians’ chronology: The modern theologians follow the literal method as they say the creation year based on their calculation is 3974 BCE. Which means 1AM (Anno Mundi) = 3974 BCE. There is a problem in this counting as it lands to 558 BCE as destruction of the temple based on this method. You can do the math:

3416 AM in Hebrews calendar method is 3974 minus 3416 AM as per the timeline attached comes to 558 BCE

In Ussher's chronological method, creation year is 4004 BCE. Which means 1AM = 4004 BCE. Hence, 4004 minus 3416 = 588 BCE and when moving from AM to BCE we deduct 1. Hence, it comes to 587 to 586 BCE which is the perfect match as Daniel's 70 weeks prophecy begins from here.

But James Ussher's understanding was that 4000 AM = 4 BCE as the year of birth of Messiah and death of Herod. Here, it gets little tricky because we are calculating Daniel's 69 weeks in an already converted BCE by deducting years as per Daniel's prophecy which lands us in 27AD.

3. The Timeline has been arranged in such a way so that reader could understand through color coding what the color code stands for:

A. The color code in Yellow: If you add all those years mentioned they sum up to 430 years in Egypt.

 

It begins with Abraham being 75 years old when Yahuah tells him to come out from his father’s house and go to a land which Yahuah would show him

Genesis 12 verse 1 And Yahuah said to Abram, “Go yourself out of your land, from your relatives and from your father’s house, to a land which I show you. 

Genesis 12 verse 2 “And I shall make you a great nation, and bless you and make your name great, and you shall be a blessing! 

Genesis 12 verse 3 “And I shall bless those who bless you, and curse him who curses you. And in you all the clans of the earth shall be blessed.” 

Genesis 12 verse 4 So Abram left, as Yahuah had commanded him, and Lot went with him. And Abram was seventy-five years old when he set out from Haran. 

The Timeline has been split into incorporating the years of Abraham who was not the firstborn son of Terah as Haran was, when Terah was 70. (Genesis 11 verse 26)

Genesis 11 verse 26 And Teraḥ lived seventy years, and brought forth Abram, Naḥor, and Haran. 

We already saw that Abraham was not born when Terah was 70 and because of theological primacy, he is placed first in order as the firstborn berekah or blessing was his.

We see Abraham was probably the second son of Terah (we are not sure whether he was second or last son and it doesn't matter as he is considered as firstborn because of the covenant confirmed with him), and was born when Terah was 130 years.

 

Terah was 205 when he died (Genesis 11 verse 32) minus 75 when Abraham left Haran (Genesis 12 verse 4) = 130.

In Timeline 1 only the age of Terah when he brought forth Haran is considered as per 'Literal Chronological Sum' where only the fatherhood is taken of the father when he brought forth his firstborn to maintain a consistency with the Adam to Terah calculation. But Abraham with whom Yahuah made an everlasting covenant, his birth, to when the covenant was confirmed and when Yitshaq was born to him was only taken as 100 years in Timeline 1.

Genesis 21 verse 5 And Aḇraham was one hundred years old when his son Yitsḥaq was born to him. 

In Timeline 2 based on the Adjusted actual chronological order showing that between him and Haran there was a gap of 60 years. i.e. Haran would have been 60 years when Abraham was born. The simple math is based on finding out when Abraham was born. We saw he was born when Terah was 130. Hence, 130 minus 70 = 60 years, these 60 years become a difference between both the brothers.

But since we don't know at what age Terah was and Abraham was when they went up from UR of Chaldees or Kasdim to Haran, I have listed his age as 75 when the covenant was confirmed with him, when he left Haran for Canaan.

And 25 years from there when Yitshaq was born to him when he was 100 years old

Genesis 21 verse 5 And Aḇraham was one hundred years old when his son Yitsḥaq was born to him. 

 

The 25 years becomes a starting point for calculating the 430 years in Egypt as Abraham sojourned the Promised land as a stranger along with the heirs of the same promise, which means right until his death he remained a stranger in the land.

Hebrews 11verse 8 By belief, Aḇraham obeyed when he was called to go out to the place which he was about to receive as an inheritance. And he went out, not knowing where he was going. 

Hebrews 11 verse 9 By belief, he sojourned in the land of promise as a stranger, dwelling in tents with Yitsḥaq and Ya‛aqoḇ, the heirs with him of the same promise, 

Hebrews 11 verse 10 for he was looking for the city having foundations, whose builder and maker is Elohim. 

Stephen records that not a foot of the land was given to Abraham.

Acts 7 verse 3 and said to him, ‘Come out of your land and from your relatives, and come here, into a land that I shall show you.’ 

Acts 7 verse 4 “Then he came out of the land of the Kasdim and dwelt in Haran. And from there, after the death of his father, He removed him to this land in which you now dwell. 

Acts 7 verse 5 “And He gave him no inheritance in it, not a foot of it. But He promised to give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him when as yet he had no child.

 

We then add the firstborn son age Yitshaq to Yaaqob and Yaaqob's age when he entered Egypt. This amounts to 215 years.

 

We then saw Yaaqob died when he was 147 years which means he lived 17 years in Egypt.

 

Genesis 47 verse 28 And Ya‛aqoḇ lived in the land of Mitsrayim seventeen years. So, the length of Ya‛aqoḇ’s life was one hundred and forty-seven years. 

We calculated the first 215 years from the covenant made with Abraham to Yaaqob entering Egypt as:

25 (Genesis 12 verse 4) + 60 (Yitshaq to Yaaqob Genesis 25 verse 26) + 130 (Yaaqob entering Egypt, Genesis 7 verse 9) = 215 years.

We saw Yoseph was 39 years when Yaaqob entered Egypt (30 when he stood before Pharaoh, Genesis 41 verse 46), 7 years plentiful had passed and now 2 years famine had completed (Genesis 45 verse 6).

Genesis 50 verse 26 And Yosěph died, being one hundred and ten years old. And they embalmed him, and he was placed in a coffin in Mitsrayim.

Yoseph or Joshuaeph dies at the age of 110 which means he rules for another 71 years from the time his father Yaaqob enters Egypt that is 110 minus 39 = 71 years & since we are following the Adjusted actual Chronology method, we are not losing out the years in Timeline 2 and have incorporated these 71 years.

 

 

 

The 64 years gap from death of Yoseph to birth of Moses:

 

Yoseph’s life overlaps with the early years in Egypt & in Yaaqob's age. Yaaqob was 91 years when Yoseph was born. How do we know this?

Yaaqob's age was 130 when he entered Egypt and Yoseph was 39. Hence, 130 minus 39 = 91. So, these 39 years are within Yaaqob's age.

Yoseph's age also over laps with the Levi-Kohath-Amram genealogy and he does not represent a generational break like Moses does.

Levi (Yaaqob’s son) lived to 137 (Exodus 6 verse 16) & Kohath (Levi’s son) lived to 133 (Exodus 6 verse 18) & Amram lived 137 years (Exodus 6 verse 20).

Moses was 80 years old during the Exodus (Exodus 7 verse 7), so Amram would have been 137 minus 80 = 57 years when Moses was born. Scripture does not give a reference to how old Levi was when he went to Egypt and how old was Yaaqob when Levi was born. Hence, we could only fill in the blanks here if we had those years, since we do not have them, we cannot fill in the blanks.

137 (Levi's age) + 133 (Kohath's age) + 57 (Amram's age when Moses was born) + 80 (Moses to Exodus) = 407 which is 23 years lesser than 430 and we do not have age references for the following:

1. What was Yaaqob's age when Levi was born
2. What was Levi's age when he entered Egypt
3. What was Levi's age when Kohath was born
4. What was Kohath's age when he entered Egypt

Hence, we based on Adjusted actual Chronology look to fill the lost years through Yoseph.

Moses was 80 years when he stood before Pharaoh during the Exodus. Hence, if YasharEL was 430 years as strangers we deduct these 80 years from 430, that is, 430 minus 80 = 350.

We now take Yoseph's span to fill in the lost years.

215 from Abraham to Yaaqob + 71 years of additional rule of Yoseph when Yaaqob entered Egypt and then Yoseph died, hence, we arrive at 286 years. Now since we found the beginning year of Moses's birth that is 350. We deduct 350 minus 286 = 64 years. These 64 years fill in from death of Yoseph to a switch over to Moses who was from the Levi lineage. Now when we add all the cells marked in yellow, we arrive exactly at 430 years.

The Judges era was explained in detail in the 484 years right from Yahushua's 40 years post wilderness journey of life until Shelemoh's 4th year reign where we arrive at 484 years as stated in 1Kings 6 verse 1.

 

 

Rule of the Kings:  There are 5 kings with an overlap of reign with each other:

 

1. Overlap of Asa and Yahushapat:  Color code Grey in Timeline 2

 

1. Asa reigned 41 years:

 

1Kings 15 verse 9 And in the twentieth year of Yaroḇ‛am sovereign of YasharEL, Asa became sovereign over Yahuḏah. 

1Kings 15 verse 10  And he reigned forty-one years in Yerushalayim, and his grandmother’s name was Maaḵah the granddaughter of Abishalom. 

 

2. Yahushaphat began to reign in 4th year of Ahab:

 

1Kings 22 verse 41  And Yehoshaphat son of Asa began to reign over Yahuḏah in the fourth year of Ahab sovereign of YasharEL. 

We must identify when Asa reigned in relation to Ahab, to determine if there is an overlap of reign.

3. Ahab began to reign in the 38th year of Asa

 

1Kings 16 verse 29 In the thirty-eighth year of Asa sovereign of Yahuḏah, Ahab son of Omri became sovereign over YasharEL. And Ahab son of Omri reigned over YasharEL in Shomeron twenty-two years. 

 

Ahab begins in Asa’s 38th year

Yahushaphat begins in Ahab’s 4th year

 

So, verse 38 (Ahab starts in the 38th year of Asa) + 4 (Yahushapat starts in 4th year of Ahab) = Asa’s 42nd year

 

But Asa only ruled 41 years! (1 Kings 15 verse 10)

 

So how can Yahushaphat start in Asa’s 42nd year?

This proves that Yahushaphat began his reign before Asa died — a co-regency began during Asa's 39th year. Hence, 3 years we need to deduct from Asa's reign.

Summary:

Ahab becomes king of YasharEL in

Asa's 38 years.

 Yahushaphat becomes king Year 38 + 4 = 42 which is really Asa’s 39th year (42 minus 4 = 38)

Asa dies

in year 41 of his rule.

Hence, 41 minus 38 = 3 years

2. Overlap of Yahushaphat and his son Yahuram's reigns-co regency: Color code Gold in Timeline 2

 

1. Yahushaphat's reign

• Yahushaphat ruled for 25 years (1 Kings 22 verse 42).

1Kings 22 verse 42 Yahushaphat was thirty-five years old when he became sovereign, and he reigned twenty-five years in Yerushalayim. And his mother’s name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. 

 

2. When Yahushaphat started ruling

• Yahushaphat started ruling in the 4th year of Ahab (1 Kings 22 verse 41).

1Kings 22 verse 41  And Yahushaphat son of Asa began to reign over Yahuḏah in the fourth year of Ahab sovereign of YasharEL. 

3. Ahab’s death

• Ahab ruled 22 years (1 Kings 16 verse 29).

1Kings 16 verse 29 In the thirty-eighth year of Asa sovereign of Yahudah, Ahab son of Omri became sovereign over YasharEL. And Ahab son of Omri reigned over YasharEL in Shomeron twenty-two years.

• So, when Ahab died, Yahushaphat was in his 18th year. 

Event	Years
Ahab ruled 3 years before    Yahushaphat	3 years
Yahushaphat starts ruling in Ahab’s 4th year	0 years (Yahushaphat’s   Year 1)
Ahab rules 18 more years during Yahushaphat’s reign	Yahushaphat Year 1 ➔ Year 18 of Ahab
Ahab dies in Yahushaphat’s 18th year	18 years completed

 

 

4. Yoram (Ahab’s son)

• After Ahab died, his son Yoram (or Yahuram) ruled YasharEL.
• Yoram ruled for 12 years (2 Kings 3 verse 1).

2Kings 3 verse 1 And Yahuram son of Ahab began to reign over YasharEL at Shomeron in the eighteenth year of Yahushaphat sovereign of Yahudah, and reigned twelve years. 

 

5. Yahuram (Yahushaphat's son)

• Yahuram son of Yahushaphat started ruling in the 5th year of Yoram son of Ahab (2 Kings 8 verse 16).

If Yoram (son of Ahab) began ruling when Yahushaphat was in his 18th year,
then the 5th year of Yoram would be Yahushaphat’s 23rd year.

• (18th year + 5 years = 23rd year.)

In Yahushaphat’s 23rd year, his son Yahuram became king with him (co-reign).

Yahuram son of Yahushaphat becomes co-king in the 5th year of Yoram son of Ahab

2Kings 8 verse 16 And in the fifth year of Yoram son of Ahab sovereign of YasharEL – Yahushaphat was sovereign of Yahudah – Yahuram son of Yehoshaphat began to reign as sovereign of Yahudah. 

It says Yahushaphat was still king. But Yahuram his son also started to reign.

6. Yahushaphat's Death

• Yahushaphat ruled 25 years total.
• Therefore, after his 23rd year, he lived 2 more years (23 ➔ 24 ➔ 25).

So Yahuram (Yahushapat’s son) and Yahushaphat ruled together for about 2 years! Hence, 2 years deducted in Timeline 2 from Yahushapat's rule.

3. Overlap between Uzziah & Yotham: color code Amber in Timeline 2

 

The Calculation:

 

1. Uzziah’s Total Reign = 52 years (Also called Azariah). Begins rule in 27th year of Yeroboam

 

2Kings 15 verse 1 In the twenty and seventh year of Yeroboam king of YasharEL began Azariah son of Amaziah king of Yahudah to reign. 

2Kings 15 verse 2 Sixteen years old was he when he began to reign, and he reigned two and fifty years in Yerushalayim. And his mother's name was Yecholiah of Yerushalayim. 

 

2Chronicles 26 verse 1 Then all the people of Yahudha took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah.

2Chronicles 26 verse 2 He built Eloth, and restored it to Yahudah, after that the king slept with his fathers. 

2Chronicles 26 verse 3 Sixteen years old was Uzziah when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty and two years in Yerushalayim. His mother's name also was Yecoliah of Yerushalayim. 

Same age of beginning of rule (sixteen years) father (Amaziah) & same mother (Yecoliah), same reign length (52 years), same time period — so Azariah = Uzziah.

 

2. When did Uzziah die?

• If Uzziah starts in Yeroboam’s 27th year, and reigns 52 years:
• 27th year of Yeroboam +52 years = 79th year of YasharEL's kingdom timeline

Now we look for when Yotham begins his reign and when Ahaz takes over to isolate the solo rule.

3. Yotham (son of Uzziah) begins his reign in 2nd year of Pekah king of YasharEL

 

2Kings 15 verse 27 In the fifty-second year of Azaryah (Uzziah) sovereign of Yahuḏah, Peqaḥ son of Remalyahu began to reign over YasharEL in Shomeron, for twenty years.

 

2Kings 15 verse 32  In the second year of Peqaḥ son of Remalyahu, sovereign of YasharEL, Yotham son of Uzziyahu, sovereign of Yahuḏah, began to reign.

 

• Pekah begins rule in Uzziah’s 52nd year
• Yotham (son of Uzziah) begins in Pekah’s 2nd year → that is Uzziah’s 54th year, but Uzziah only reigned 52 years.

4. Ahaz son of Yotham (son of Uzziah) begins to reign in 17th year of Pekah

2Kings 16 verse 1 In the seventeenth year of Peqaḥ son of Remalyahu, Aḥaz son of Yotham, sovereign of Yehuḏah, began to reign. 

 

Hence,

• Yotham begins: 2nd year of Pekah
• Ahaz begins: 17th year of Pekah
• 17 minus 2 = 15 years of Yotham’s reign

Yotham’s total reign = 16 years (2 Kings 15 verse 32 and 16 verse 1) minus Yotham’s solo reign after Uzziah’s death of 15 years = 1

 

Yotham co-reigned with Uzziah for 1 year, then ruled alone for 15 more years after Uzziah’s death. Uzziah would have been struck with leprosy in the 51st year of his rule. Hence, we remove 1 year from Uzziah's 52 years of rule.

 

4. Overlap between Yotham (son of Uzziah) and Ahaz (son of Yotham): Color code Green in Timeline 2

 

1. Yotham’s total reign = 16 years 

2Kings 15 verse 32 In the second year of Peqaḥ son of Remalyahu, sovereign of YasharEL, Yotham son of Uzziyahu, sovereign of Yahuḏah, began to reign. 

2Kings 15 verse 33 He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Yerushalayim. And his mother’s name was Yerusha the daughter of Tsaḏoq. 

2. Ahaz (son of Yotham) began to reign in the 17th year of Pekah

2Kings 16 verse 1 In the seventeenth year of Peqaḥ son of Remalyahu, Aḥaz son of Yotham, sovereign of Yehuḏah, began to reign. 

2Kings 16 verse 2 Aḥaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Yerushalayim. And he did not do what was right in the eyes of YAHUAH his Elohim, as his father Daviḏ had done

 

3. Yotham (son of Uzziah) began to reign in the 2nd year of Pekah

2Kings 15 verse 32  In the second year of Peqaḥ son of Remalyahu, sovereign of YasharEL, Yotham son of Uzziyahu, sovereign of Yahudah, began to reign. 

Hence, Yotham's reign — from Pekah’s 2nd year

Ahaz begins in Pekah’s 17th year

So, the time between Yotham’s start and Ahaz’s start is  17 minus 2 = 15 years of Ahaz ruling alone

That is, if Yotham ruled for 16 years & Ahaz began to co-reign with Yotham in Yotham’s 15th year reign & ruled on for 16 years (2Kings 16 verse 2). Hence, there are 2 years of overlap. We remove 2 years from Yotham's rule.

5. Overlap between Ahaz and Hezekiah: Color code Pink in Timeline 2

 The Calculation:

Step 1 — Ahaz’s Reign Ahaz ruled 16 years  

2Kings 16 verse 2 Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Yerushalayim. And he did not do what was right in the eyes of Yahuah his Elohim, as his father David had done. 

Step 2 — Hezekiah’s Total Reign: Hezekiah ruled 29 years total

2Kings 18 verse 2 He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Yerushalayim. And his mother’s name was Abiy, daughter of Zakaryah. 

 

Step 3 — When Did Hezekiah Start? 

2Kings 18 verse 1 And it came to be in the third year of Hoshea son of Ělah, sovereign of YasharEL, that Hezekiah son of Ahaz, sovereign of Yahudah, began to reign. 

2Kings 17 verse 1 In the twelfth year of Ahaz sovereign of Yahuḏah, Hoshea son of Elah began to reign over YasharEL in Shomeron, for nine years. 

Putting those together:

• Hoshea began in Ahaz’s 12th year.
• Hezekiah (son of Ahaz) began in Hoshea’s 3rd year.
• So, Hezekiah began in Ahaz’s 14th year (12 + 2 = 14), Hence, Hezekiah began to reign in Ahaz’s 14th year

Step 4 — When Did Ahaz Die?

2 Kings 16 verse 2 "...he reigned sixteen years in Yerushalayim." That is, Ahaz’s last year which is Year 16.

Hezekiah started in Year 14, which shows they co-ruled together

 

👉 Overlap = Ahaz’s Year 14 to 16 = 2 years

 

Step 5 — Hezekiah’s 29 Years Include the Overlap:

Hezekiah's total reign was 29 years (2 Kings 18 verse 2)

His reign started before Ahaz died, so the first 2 years were co-regency.

Therefore, after Ahaz died, Hezekiah ruled alone for 27 more years. Hence, we deduct 2 years from Ahaz's reign.

 

Summary

• Core Text: 1 Kings 6 verse 1 defines the 480th year from the Exodus to Shelomoh’s fourth year, when he began constructing Yahuah’s House, as a key chronological anchor.
• Previous Study: The Consolidated view traced 4000 years from Adam to Yahusha, using the Inclusive Reckoning Method to address genealogical ambiguities (e.g., Yapheth as Noah’s firstborn at 500, Haran as Terah’s firstborn at 70).
• Methodologies used:
• Inclusive Reckoning (Chronological Sum): Treats partial years as full, inflating sequential reigns but allowing adjustments by backfilling or deducting years.
• Adjusted Chronology (Actual): Adjusts for overlaps (e.g., judges’ reigns, oppressions) to reflect actual elapsed time, aligning with the 480 years of 1 Kings 6 verse 1.
• Judges Period:
• Judges’ reigns total 450 years (Acts 13 verse 20), but overlaps and 111 years of oppressions (excluded in Adjusted Chronology) align the timeline to 360 years.
• Yahushua’s 40 years (post-wilderness) and elders’ 15 years are inclusive, though Yahushua is a central leader, not a judge (Judges 2 verse 7). 25 years of Yahushua as the commander of the hosts & 15 years of elders under him as he was advanced in years and much of the land had yet to be allotted to the tribes.
• Regional (e.g., Samson) and minor judges (Ibzan, Elon, Abdon) are excluded due to limited scope or overlap with oppressions. Abimelech is also excluded as he was not a judge, he was the oppressor himself.
• Key Figures:
• Yahushua: Led 25 years as commander (Joshuaephus) plus 15 years supervising elders, totaling 40 years post-wilderness.
• Othniel: First judge, ruled 40 years after Yahushua and elders, without overlap (Judges 3 verse 11).
• Samuel: Samuel was recognized as a prophet from Dan to Beersheba. From 5 years old to 30 years old, he was under Eli serving Yahuah. From 30 to 45 he operated as a prophet. Interim judge after death of Eli at 45 for 29 years (7 months Philistine ark captivity + 20 years at Qiryath Yearim + 1 year at Mitspah, + 7 years backfilled to Shaul’s reign).
• 5 Kings Overlapping reigns (e.g., Asa-Yahushaphat 3 years; Yahushaphat-Yahuram: 2 years etc.) are deducted for Adjusted Chronology.
• Oppressions: 111 years of foreign rule (e.g., Ammonites, Philistines) overlap with judges’ terms and are excluded in the 480-year calculation.
• Timeline Refinement: Timeline 2 (Adjusted Chronology) incorporates lost years (e.g., 71 years of Yoseph from death of Yaaqob until his own death, 64 years from Yoseph’s death to Moses’ birth) and aligns with 430 years in Egypt, contrasting with Timeline 1 (Chronological Sum) used by James Ussher.
• 4004 BC Calculation: James Ussher’s chronology sets 1 AM (Anno Mundi) as 4004 BCE, calculated by summing patriarchal ages from Adam to the Exodus, judges, and kings, adjusted to align 3416 AM (temple destruction) with 587/586 BCE (4004 - 3416 - 1 = 587 BCE). This contrasts with modern theologians’ 3974 BCE, which misaligns temple destruction to 558 BCE.
• Significance: The Adjusted Chronology Method ensures a precise 480-year timeline from Exodus to Shelomoh, validating scriptural accuracy and deepening insight into YasharEL’s history.